As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 15, 2003.
Registration No. 333-
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM S-3
REGISTRATION STATEMENT
UNDER
THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933
THE MACERICH COMPANY
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
MARYLAND (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |
99-4448705 (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number) |
|
401 Wilshire Boulevard, No. 700 Santa Monica, California 90401 (310) 394-6000 (Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of Registrant's principal executive offices) |
||
Arthur M. Coppola, President The Macerich Company 401 Wilshire Boulevard, No. 700 Santa Monica, California 90401 (310) 394-6000 (Name, Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of Agent for Service) |
COPY TO:
FREDERICK B. MCLANE, Esq.
O'Melveny & Myers LLP
400 South Hope Street
Los Angeles, California 90071-2899
(213) 430-6000
APPROXIMATE DATE OF COMMENCEMENT OF PROPOSED SALE TO THE PUBLIC:
FROM TIME TO TIME AFTER THIS REGISTRATION STATEMENT BECOMES EFFECTIVE.
If the only securities being registered on this form are being offered pursuant to dividend or interest reinvestment plans, please check the following box. o
If any of the securities being registered on this form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, other than securities offered only in connection with dividend or interest reinvestment plans, check the following box. ý
If this form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. o
If this form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier registration statement for the same offering. o
If delivery of the prospectus is expected to be made pursuant to Rule 434, please check the following box. o
CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE
Title of Each Class of Securities to be Registered |
Amount to be Registered |
Proposed Maximum Offering Price Per Unit |
Proposed Maximum Aggregate Offering Price |
Amount of Registration Fee |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Preferred Stock ($.01 par value per share) | (1)(2)(3)(4) | N/A | |||||||
Total | $300,000,000 | $24,270(5) | |||||||
THE REGISTRANT HEREBY AMENDS THIS REGISTRATION STATEMENT ON SUCH DATE OR DATES AS MAY BE NECESSARY TO DELAY ITS EFFECTIVE DATE UNTIL THE REGISTRANT SHALL FILE A FURTHER AMENDMENT WHICH SPECIFICALLY STATES THAT THIS REGISTRATION STATEMENT SHALL THEREAFTER BECOME EFFECTIVE IN ACCORDANCE WITH SECTION 8(a) OF THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, OR UNTIL THE REGISTRATION STATEMENT SHALL BECOME EFFECTIVE ON SUCH DATE AS THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION, ACTING PURSUANT TO SAID SECTION 8(a), MAY DETERMINE.
The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities, and we are not soliciting offers to buy these securities, in any state where the offer or sale is not permitted.
Subject to Completion Dated October 15, 2003
Prospectus
$300,000,000
THE MACERICH COMPANY
Preferred Stock
We may offer and sell shares of preferred stock from time to time, in one or more classes or series and in amounts, at prices and on the terms that we will determine at the time of the offering, with an aggregate initial offering price of up to $300,000,000.
We will provide the specific terms of these securities in supplements to this prospectus, including the specific designation, preferences, conversion and other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to transferability, dividends and other distributions and terms and conditions of redemption and the initial public offering price. You should read this prospectus and the related supplement before you invest in any of these securities.
INVESTING
IN OUR SECURITIES INVOLVES RISKS. SEE "RISK FACTORS"
ON PAGE 1 OF THIS PROSPECTUS.
Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "MAC."
Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities, or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
We will sell these securities directly to our stockholders or to purchasers, through agents on our behalf, or through underwriters or dealers we designate from time to time. If we involve any agents or underwriters in the sale of any of these securities, we will set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement their names and any fees, commission or discounts payable to them.
The date of this prospectus is , 2003.
Risk Factors | 1 | |
Forward-Looking Statements | 11 | |
About this Prospectus | 12 | |
Our Company | 13 | |
Use of Proceeds | 14 | |
Ratio of Earnings to Combined Fixed Charges and Preference Dividends | 14 | |
Description of our Stock | 15 | |
Description of our Preferred Stock | 22 | |
Federal Income Tax Considerations | 28 | |
Plan of Distribution | 40 | |
Experts | 41 | |
Legal Matters | 42 | |
Where You Can Find More Information | 42 |
YOU SHOULD RELY ONLY ON THE INFORMATION CONTAINED OR INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE IN THIS PROSPECTUS OR TO WHICH THIS PROSPECTUS OR THE PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT REFERS YOU. NO ONE IS AUTHORIZED TO PROVIDE YOU WITH DIFFERENT INFORMATION. WE ARE NEITHER MAKING AN OFFER TO SELL THESE SECURITIES TO YOU NOR SOLICITING AN OFFER FROM YOU TO BUY THESE SECURITIES IN ANY PLACE WHERE THE OFFER OR SALE TO YOU IS NOT PERMITTED. YOU SHOULD NOT ASSUME THAT THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS PROSPECTUS OR THE PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT IS CORRECT ON ANY DATE AFTER THE DATE OF THIS PROSPECTUS OR THE PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT. THIS IS TRUE EVEN IF THIS PROSPECTUS OR THE PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT IS GIVEN TO YOU OR THESE SECURITIES ARE OFFERED OR SOLD TO YOU ON A LATER DATE.
You should carefully consider, among other factors, the matters described below before purchasing any shares of our preferred stock. We refer in this prospectus to our preferred stock as the "securities."
Risks Related to our Preferred Stock
Our preferred stock will rank junior to all of our liabilities.
In the event of our bankruptcy, liquidation or winding-up, our assets will be available to pay obligations on our preferred stock only after all of our indebtedness and other liabilities have been paid. In addition, our preferred stock will effectively rank junior to all existing and future indebtedness and other liabilities of our subsidiaries and any equity interests in our subsidiaries that rank senior to the equity interests held by us. The rights of holders of our preferred stock to participate in the assets of our subsidiaries upon any liquidation or reorganization of any subsidiary will rank junior to the prior claims of that subsidiary's creditors and the holders of any equity interests in our subsidiaries that rank senior to the equity interests held by us.
Because our preferred stock will have limited voting rights, holders generally will not have the ability to control our operations.
Holders of our preferred stock will have very few voting rights. The only class of our stock carrying full voting rights is our common stock. Therefore, in most cases, holders of the preferred stock will not have the ability to exercise voting control over our operations.
We may not be able to pay cash dividends on our preferred stock.
Our existing financing agreements limit, and any other financing agreements that we enter into in the future will likely limit, our ability to pay cash dividends on our stock. Specifically, we may pay cash dividends and make other distributions on our stock, including our preferred stock, based on a formula derived from funds from operations and only if no event of default under the financing agreements has occurred, unless, under certain circumstances, payment of the distribution is necessary to enable us to qualify as a real estate investment trust (a "REIT") under the Internal Revenue Code. In the event that any of our financing agreements in the future restrict our ability to pay cash dividends on our preferred stock, we will be unable to pay cash dividends unless we can refinance amounts outstanding under those agreements.
Risks Related to Real Estate Investments
We invest primarily in shopping centers, which are subject to a number of significant risks which are beyond our control.
Real property investments are subject to varying degrees of risk that may affect the ability of our regional and community shopping centers to generate sufficient revenues to meet operating and other expenses, including debt service, lease payments, capital expenditures and tenant improvements, and to make distributions to us and our stockholders. In this prospectus, we will refer to shopping centers that are owned wholly by us as "Wholly-Owned Centers" and to shopping centers that are partly but not wholly-owned by us as "Joint Venture Centers." We will refer to each of the Wholly-Owned Centers and Joint Venture Centers as a "Center." A number of factors may decrease the income generated by the Centers, including:
1
Income from shopping center properties and shopping center values are also affected by applicable laws and regulations, including tax and zoning laws, and by interest rate levels and the availability and cost of financing. In addition, the number of prospective buyers interested in purchasing shopping centers is limited. Therefore, if we sell the Centers, we may receive less money than we have invested in the Centers.
Some of our centers are geographically concentrated and, as a result, are sensitive to local economic and real estate conditions.
A significant percentage of our Centers are located in California and Arizona. To the extent that weak economic conditions or other factors affect California or Arizona (or their respective regions) more severely than other areas of the country, our financial performance could be negatively impacted.
Our centers must compete with other retail centers and retail formats for tenants and customers.
There are numerous shopping facilities that compete with the Centers in attracting tenants to lease space, and an increasing number of new retail formats and technologies other than retail shopping centers compete with the Centers for retail sales. Competing retail formats include factory outlet centers, power centers, discount shopping clubs, mail-order services, internet shopping and home shopping networks. Our revenues may be reduced as a result of increased competition.
Our centers depend on tenants to generate rental revenues.
Our revenues and funds available for distribution will be reduced if:
A decision by a department store or other large retail store tenant (an "anchor"), or other significant tenant, to cease operations at a Center could also have an adverse effect on our financial condition. The closing of an anchor may allow other anchors or other tenants to terminate their leases or cease operating their stores at the Center or otherwise adversely affect occupancy at the Center. In addition, tenants at one or more Centers might terminate their leases as a result of mergers, acquisitions, consolidations, dispositions or bankruptcies in the retail industry. The bankruptcy and/or closure of retail stores, or sale of a store or stores to a less desirable retailer, may reduce occupancy levels and rental income, or otherwise adversely affect our financial performance. Furthermore, if the store sales of retailers operating in the Centers decline sufficiently, tenants might be unable to pay their minimum rents or expense recovery charges. In the event of a default by a lessee, the affected Center may experience delays and costs in enforcing its rights as lessor.
2
Macerich Management Company is subject to the risks associated with the third-party property management and leasing business.
One of our management companies, Macerich Management Company, is subject to the risks associated with providing third-party property management and leasing services. These risks include the risks that:
Third parties can terminate most of our third-party management contracts on 30 to 60 days notice. In addition, if revenues fall, Macerich Management Company will receive reduced compensation under virtually all of our third-party property management agreements.
Our acquisition and real estate development strategies may not be successful.
Our historical growth in revenues, net income and funds from operations has been closely tied to the acquisition and redevelopment of shopping centers. Many factors, including the availability and cost of capital, our total amount of debt outstanding, interest rates and the availability of attractive acquisition targets, among others, will affect our ability to acquire and redevelop additional properties in the future. We may not be successful in pursuing acquisition opportunities, and newly-acquired properties may not perform as well as expected. Expenses arising from our efforts to complete acquisitions, redevelop properties or increase our market penetration may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We face competition for acquisitions primarily from other REITs, as well as from private real estate companies and financial buyers. Some of our competitors have greater financial and other resources than we do. Increased competition for shopping center acquisitions may impact adversely our ability to acquire additional properties on favorable terms. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to implement our growth strategy successfully or manage our expanded operations effectively and profitably. Acquiring a portfolio of properties increases the risks associated with new acquisitions.
We may not be able to achieve the anticipated financial and operating results from newly- acquired assets. Some of the factors that could affect anticipated results are:
Our business strategy also includes the selective development and construction of retail properties. Any development, redevelopment and construction activities that we undertake will be subject to the risks of real estate development, including lack of financing, construction delays, environmental requirements, budget overruns, sunk costs and lease-up. Furthermore, occupancy rates and rents at a newly completed property may not be sufficient to make the property profitable. Real estate development activities are also subject to risks relating to the inability to obtain, or delays in obtaining, all necessary zoning, land-use, building, occupancy and other required governmental permits and authorizations. If any of the above events occur, the ability to pay distributions to our stockholders and service our indebtedness could be adversely affected.
3
Recent federal income tax developments could affect the desirability of investing in our Company for individual taxpayers.
In May 2003, federal legislation was enacted that reduces the maximum tax rate for dividends payable to individual taxpayers generally from 38.6% to 15% (from January 1, 2003 through 2008). However, dividends payable by REITs are not eligible for such treatment, except in limited circumstances which we do not expect to occur. Although this legislation does not have a directly adverse effect on the taxation of REITs or dividends paid by REITs, the more favorable treatment for non-REIT dividends could cause individual investors to consider investments in non-REIT corporations as more attractive relative to an investment in a REIT such as our Company. We cannot predict what impact this may have on the value of any investment in our Company.
Risks Related to Conflicts of Interest
The structure of Macerich Management Company and its management agreements may create conflicts of interest.
Macerich Management Company provides property management services to certain of the Joint Venture Centers and properties owned by third parties. Mace Siegel, Arthur M. Coppola, Dana K. Anderson and Edward C. Coppola (the "Principals") own 100% of the outstanding shares of voting common stock of Macerich Management Company. The Macerich Partnership L.P., a Delaware limited partnership, which we refer to as the operating partnership, owns 100% of the outstanding shares of non-voting preferred stock of Macerich Management Company. We have a majority interest in the operating partnership and are its sole general partner. As the holder of 100% of the preferred stock, the operating partnership has the right to receive 95% of Macerich Management Company's net cash flow. However, since it is an operating company and not a passive entity, our investment in the non-voting preferred stock is subject to the risk that the Principals might have interests that are inconsistent with our interests.
Macerich Management Company also provides management, leasing, construction and redevelopment services for shopping centers owned by third parties that are unaffiliated with us. Macerich Management Company may agree to manage additional shopping centers that might compete with the Centers. These types of arrangements could also create conflicts of interest for the Principals.
The Principals have substantial influence over the management of both our Company and the operating partnership, which may create conflicts of interest.
Under the partnership agreement of the operating partnership (the "Partnership Agreement"), we, as the sole general partner, are responsible for the management of the operating partnership's business and affairs. Each of the Principals serves as one of our executive officers and as a member of our Board of Directors. Accordingly, the Principals have substantial influence over our management and the management of the operating partnership.
The tax consequences of the sale of some of the Centers may create conflicts of interest.
The Principals will experience negative tax consequences if some of the Centers are sold. As a result, the Principals may not favor a sale of these Centers even though such a sale may benefit our other stockholders. See "Federal Income Tax Considerations."
The required consent of third-party limited partners of the operating partnership for some transactions may create conflicts of interest.
The Partnership Agreement provides that a decision to merge the operating partnership, sell all or substantially all of its assets or liquidate must be approved by the holders of 75% of the outstanding
4
common and preferred limited partnership interests in the operating partnership ("OP units"). Depending on the percentage of the outstanding OP units owned by us at the time, the concurrence of at least some of the other holders of OP units may be required to approve any merger, sale of all or substantially all of the assets, or liquidation of the operating partnership. As of June 30, 2003, we owned 82% of the outstanding common and preferred OP units.
The guarantees of indebtedness by the Principals may create conflicts of interest.
The Principals have guaranteed mortgage loans encumbering some of the Centers. As of September 30, 2003, the Principals have guaranteed an aggregate principal amount of approximately $21.75 million. The existence of guarantees of these loans by the Principals could result in the Principals having interests that are inconsistent with our interests.
Other Risks Affecting our Business and Operations
If our indebtedness increases, our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.
Our organizational documents do not limit the amount or percentage of indebtedness that we may incur. Accordingly, our Board of Directors could increase our leverage in the future. If it did, there would be an increase in our debt service requirements and an increased risk of default on our obligations, either of which may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
We may change our policies in ways that adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations.
Our investment and financing policies and our policies with respect to other activities, including our growth, debt capitalization, distributions, REIT status and operating policies are determined by our Board of Directors. Our Board of Directors may change these policies at any time without a vote of our stockholders. A change in these policies might adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations.
If we fail to qualify as a REIT, we will have reduced funds available for distribution to our stockholders.
No assurance can be given that we have qualified or will remain qualified as a REIT. Qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Internal Revenue Code provisions for which there are only limited judicial or administrative interpretations. The complexity of these provisions and of the applicable income tax regulations is greater in the case of a REIT such as ours that holds its assets in partnership form. The determination of various factual matters and circumstances not entirely within our control, including determinations by our partners in the Joint Venture Centers, may affect our ability to qualify as a REIT. In addition, legislation, new regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions could significantly change the tax laws with respect to our qualification as a REIT or the federal income tax consequences of that qualification.
If in any taxable year we fail to qualify as a REIT, we will suffer the following negative results:
In addition, we will be disqualified from treatment as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which the qualification was lost, unless we were entitled to relief under statutory provisions. As a result, net income and the funds available for distribution to our stockholders will be reduced for
5
five years. It is possible that future economic, market, legal, tax or other considerations might cause the Board of Directors to revoke our REIT election. See "Federal Income Tax Considerations."
Our debt financing may adversely impact our stockholders.
We are subject to the risks associated with debt financing, including the risk that our cash flow will be insufficient to meet required payments of principal and interest. Our outstanding indebtedness represents obligations of the operating partnership and the entities that own the Centers (collectively, the "Property Partnerships"). Most of this outstanding indebtedness is nonrecourse to the obligor, and we have mortgaged a majority of the Centers to secure payment of this indebtedness. If mortgage payments cannot be made, a mortgagee could foreclose, resulting in a loss to us. Outstanding indebtedness under our revolving credit and term credit facilities is the obligation of the operating partnership and some of the Property Partnerships.
Our current indebtedness bears interest at both fixed and floating interest rates. For future financings, we intend to seek the most attractive financing arrangements available at the time, which may involve either fixed or floating interest rates. With respect to floating rate indebtedness, increases in interest rates may adversely affect our funds from operations, funds available for distribution and ability to meet our debt service obligations.
We are obligated to make balloon payments of principal under mortgages on some of the Centers. Although we anticipate that we will be able to refinance those mortgages by the time the balloon payments become due, or otherwise obtain funds by raising equity, incurring debt or selling assets, there can be no assurance that we will be able to do so. In addition, interest rates and other terms of any debt issued to refinance this mortgage debt may be less favorable than the terms of the current mortgage debt.
To qualify as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code, we generally are required each year to distribute to our stockholders at least 90% of our net taxable income determined without regard to net capital gains and the dividends paid deduction. We may be required to borrow funds on a short-term basis or liquidate investments to meet the distribution requirements that are necessary to qualify as a REIT, even if management believes that it is otherwise not in our best interests to do so.
Outside partners in Joint Venture Centers result in additional risks to our stockholders.
We own partial interests in Property Partnerships that own 38 Joint Venture Centers as well as fee title to a site that is ground-leased to a Property Partnership that owns a Joint Venture Center and several development sites. We own a 50% interest in Property Partnerships that own 24 of the Joint Venture Centers with shared management control (Eastland Mall, Empire Mall, Granite Run Mall, Lake Square Mall, Lindale Mall, Mesa Mall, NorthPark Mall, Rushmore Mall, SouthPark Mall, Southern Hills Mall, Southridge Mall, Valley Mall, Chandler Gateway, Chandler Festival, Chandler Boulevard Shops, Desert Sky Mall, Hilton Village, The Promenade, Scottsdale Fashion Square, and the five Joint Venture Centers owned by Paradise Village Investment Company), a 50% managing general partnership interest in the Property Partnership that owns one of the Joint Venture Centers (Broadway Plaza), a 51% interest in the Property Partnerships that own seven of the Joint Venture Centers with shared management control (Lakewood Mall, Cascade Mall, Kitsap Mall, Los Cerritos Center, Redmond Town Center, Stonewood Mall and Washington Square), a 50.1% interest (with shared management control) in the Property Partnership that owns one of the Joint Venture Centers (Village at Corte Madera), a 50% interest (with shared management control) in the Property Partnership that owns fee title to the site ground-leased to the Property Partnership that owns Superstition Springs Center, a 33.33% interest in Property Partnerships that own two of the Joint Venture Centers with shared management control (Arrowhead Towne Center and Superstition Springs Center), a 73% interest (with shared management control) in the Property Partnership that owns one of the Joint
6
Venture Centers (Camelback Colonnade), a 46% interest in a Property Partnership that owns one of the Joint Venture Centers with shared management control (Scottsdale 101), and a 19% non-managing general partnership interest in the Property Partnership that holds one of the Joint Venture Centers (West Acres Center). We may acquire partial interests in additional properties through joint venture arrangements. Investments in Centers that are not Wholly-Owned Centers involve risks different from those of investments in Wholly-Owned Centers.
We may have fiduciary responsibilities to our partners that could affect decisions concerning the Joint Venture Centers. Third parties may share control of major decisions relating to the Joint Venture Centers with us, including decisions with respect to sales, refinancings and the timing and amount of additional capital contributions, as well as decisions that could have an adverse impact on our REIT status. For example, we may lose our management rights relating to the Joint Venture Centers if:
In addition, some of our outside partners control the day-to-day operations of seven Joint Venture Centers (West Acres Center, Eastland Mall, Granite Run Mall, Lake Square Mall, North Park Mall, South Park Mall and Valley Mall). We therefore do not control cash distributions from these Centers, and the lack of cash distributions from these Centers could jeopardize our ability to maintain our qualification as a REIT.
Our holding company structure makes us dependent on operating partnership distributions.
Because we conduct our operations through the operating partnership, our ability to service our debt obligations and our ability to pay dividends on our common stock are strictly dependent upon the earnings and cash flows of the operating partnership and the ability of the operating partnership to make intercompany distributions to us. Under the Delaware Revised Uniform Limited Partnership Act, the operating partnership is prohibited from making any distribution to us to the extent that at the time of the distribution, after giving effect to the distribution, all liabilities of the operating partnership (other than some nonrecourse liabilities and some liabilities to the partners) exceed the fair value of the assets of the operating partnership.
Bankruptcy and/or closure of retail stores may adversely affect the Centers.
The bankruptcy and/or closure of an anchor, or its sale to a less desirable retailer, could reduce customer traffic in a Center and the income generated by that Center. Furthermore, the closing of an anchor may allow other anchors or other tenants to terminate their leases or cease operating their stores at the Center or otherwise lower the occupancy rate at the Center.
Retail stores at the Centers other than anchors may also seek the protection of the bankruptcy laws and/or close stores, which may result in the termination of their leases and reduce the cash flow generated by an affected Center, as well as the occupancy levels and rental incomes at the Center.
Possible environmental liabilities could adversely affect us.
Under various federal, state and local environmental laws, ordinances and regulations, a current or previous owner or operator of real property may be liable for the costs of removal or remediation of hazardous or toxic substances on, under or in that real property. These laws often impose liability
7
whether or not the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of hazardous or toxic substances. The costs of investigation, removal or remediation of hazardous or toxic substances may be substantial. In addition, the presence of hazardous or toxic substances, or the failure to remedy environmental hazards properly, may adversely affect the owner's or operator's ability to sell or rent affected real property or to borrow money using affected real property as collateral.
Persons or entities that arrange for the disposal or treatment of hazardous or toxic substances may also be liable for the costs of removal or remediation of hazardous or toxic substances at the disposal or treatment facility, whether or not that facility is owned or operated by the person or entity arranging for the disposal or treatment of hazardous or toxic substances. Laws exist that impose liability for release of asbestos-containing materials into the air, and third parties may seek recovery from owners or operators of real property for personal injury associated with exposure to asbestos-containing materials. In connection with our ownership, operation, management, development and redevelopment of the Centers, or any other Centers or properties we acquire in the future, we may be potentially liable under these laws and may incur costs in responding to these liabilities. For a description of known environmental liabilities, see our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and our most recent Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
An ownership limit and certain anti-takeover defenses could inhibit a change of control of our Company or reduce the value of our stock.
The Ownership Limit. In order for us to maintain our qualification as a REIT, not more than 50% in value of our outstanding stock (after taking into account options to acquire stock) may be owned, directly or indirectly, by five or fewer individuals (as defined in the Internal Revenue Code to include some entities that would not ordinarily be considered "individuals") during the last half of a taxable year. Our charter restricts ownership of more than 5% (the "Ownership Limit") of the lesser of the number or value of our outstanding shares of stock by any single stockholder (with limited exceptions for some holders of the OP units, and their respective families and affiliated entities, including all four Principals). In addition to enhancing preservation of our status as a REIT, the Ownership Limit may:
Our Board of Directors, in its sole discretion, may waive or modify (subject to limitations) the Ownership Limit with respect to one or more stockholders, if it is satisfied that ownership in excess of this limit will not jeopardize our status as a REIT.
Stockholder Rights Plan and Selected Provisions of our Charter and Bylaws. Agreements to which we are a party, as well as some of the provisions of our charter and bylaws, may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of our Company without the approval of our Board of Directors and may inhibit a change in control that some, or a majority, of our stockholders might believe to be in their best interest or that could give our stockholders the opportunity to receive a premium for their common stock over then-prevailing market prices. These agreements and provisions include the following:
8
Selected Provisions of Maryland Law. The Maryland General Corporation Law prohibits business combinations between a Maryland corporation and an interested stockholder (which includes any person who beneficially holds ten percent or more of the voting power of the corporation's shares) or its affiliates for five years after becoming an interested stockholder and, after the five-year period, requires the recommendation of the board of directors and two super-majority stockholder votes to approve a business combination unless the stockholders receive a minimum price determined by the statute. As permitted by Maryland law, our charter exempts from these provisions any business combination between us and the Principals and their respective affiliates and related persons. Maryland law also allows our Board of Directors to exempt particular business combinations before the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. Furthermore, a person is not an interested stockholder if the transaction by which he or she would otherwise have become an interested stockholder is approved in advance by the board of directors.
The Maryland General Corporation Law also provides that the acquirer of certain levels of voting power in electing directors of a Maryland corporation, commencing at one-tenth or more, is not entitled to vote the shares in excess of the applicable threshold, unless voting rights for the shares are approved by holders of two-thirds of the disinterested shares or unless the acquisition of the shares has been specifically or generally approved or exempted from the statute by a provision in our charter or bylaws adopted before the acquisition of the shares. Our charter exempts from these provisions voting rights of shares owned by the Principals and their respective affiliates and related persons. Our bylaws also contain a provision exempting from this statute any acquisition by any person of shares of our stock. There can be no assurance that this bylaw will not be amended or eliminated in the future.
The Maryland General Corporation Law also limits our ability to amend our charter, dissolve, merge, or sell all or substantially all of our assets without the advice of our Board of Directors and the approval of our stockholders entitled to vote thereon.
For a complete description, we refer you to our charter, bylaws and stockholders rights plan (all of which are incorporated by reference into the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part) and to the Maryland General Corporation Law.
Uninsured losses could adversely affect our financial condition.
Each of our Centers has comprehensive liability, fire, extended coverage and rental loss insurance with insured limits customarily carried for similar properties. We do not insure certain types of losses (such as losses from wars), because they are either uninsurable or not economically insurable. In addition, while we or the relevant joint venture, as applicable, carry earthquake insurance on the
9
Centers located in California, the policies are subject to a deductible equal to 5% of the total insured value of each Center, a $100,000 per occurrence minimum and a combined annual aggregate loss limit of $200 million on these Centers. While we or the relevant joint venture also carry terrorism insurance on the Centers, the policies are subject to a $10,000 deductible and a combined annual aggregate loss limit of $300 million for certified acts of terrorism and a $10 million deductible and a combined annual aggregate loss limit of $200 million for non-certified acts of terrorism. Furthermore, we carry title insurance on many of the Centers for less than their full value. If an uninsured loss or a loss in excess of insured limits occurs, the operating partnership or the Property Partnership, as the case may be, that owns the affected Center could lose its capital invested in the Center, as well as the anticipated future revenue from the Center, while remaining obligated for any mortgage indebtedness or other financial obligations related to the Center. An uninsured loss or loss in excess of insured limits may negatively impact our financial condition.
As the general partner of the operating partnership and certain of the Property Partnerships, we are generally liable for any of their unsatisfied obligations other than non-recourse obligations.
10
This prospectus and any supplement may contain or incorporate statements that constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and, as such, involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements, which are based on certain assumptions and describe our future plans, strategies and expectations, are generally identifiable by our use of the words "may," "will," "should," "expect," "anticipate," "estimate," "believe," "intend," "project," "predict," "plan," "seek" or the negative of these words, or other similar words or terms. You should be aware of important factors that may have a material impact on our future results. These factors include the matters described under the heading "Risk Factors" beginning on page 1 of this prospectus and the following, among other things:
We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements included or incorporated by reference in this prospectus or any supplement, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. In light of the factors referred to above, the forward-looking events discussed in or incorporated by reference in this prospectus or any supplement may not occur, and actual results, performance or achievement may differ materially from that anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements.
You should specifically consider the various factors identified in this prospectus, any supplement and the incorporated documents, which could cause actual results to differ, including particularly those discussed in the section entitled "Risk Factors" in this prospectus and in our SEC filings. For information on how to obtain copies of our SEC filings, please refer to the section of this prospectus entitled "Where You Can Find More Information."
11
This prospectus is part of a registration statement we filed with the SEC using a "shelf" registration process. The aggregate offering price of all securities that we may sell under this prospectus will not exceed $300,000,000. We may sell any number of the securities described in this prospectus from time to time up to that amount.
The type of securities that we may offer and sell from time to time by this prospectus is preferred stock. This prospectus provides a general description of the preferred stock. Each time we sell securities pursuant to this prospectus, we will describe in a prospectus supplement, which we will deliver with this prospectus, specific information about the offering and the terms of the particular preferred stock we are offering. In each prospectus supplement, we will include the following information:
In addition, the prospectus supplement may also add, update or change the information contained in this prospectus.
You should read both this prospectus and any prospectus supplement together with the additional information described under the heading "Where You Can Find More Information." Unless the context otherwise requires, all references to the "Company," "us," "we" or "our" in this prospectus include The Macerich Company, those entities owned or controlled by The Macerich Company and predecessors of The Macerich Company.
12
We are a real estate investment trust that primarily acquires, leases, manages, redevelops and develops regional malls located throughout the United States. We are the sole general partner of, and as of June 30, 2003 owned a 82% interest in, The Macerich Partnership, L.P., which we refer to as the operating partnership. We conduct all of our operations through the operating partnership and our management companies. Together with our predecessors, we have been engaged in the shopping center business since 1965.
We are one of the largest mall operators in the United States, as measured by gross leaseable area. We own directly or through joint ventures 57 regional malls, 18 community shopping centers and two development properties, aggregating approximately 58 million square feet of gross leaseable area. As of June 30, 2003, our mall and freestanding gross leaseable area occupancy rate was 92.4%, excluding major development and redevelopment properties.
We were organized as a Maryland corporation in September 1993. Our principal executive offices are located at 401 Wilshire Boulevard, No. 700, Santa Monica, California 90401, and our telephone number is (310) 394-6000.
13
The terms of the Partnership Agreement for our operating partnership require us to invest, contribute or otherwise transfer the net proceeds of any sale of securities to the operating partnership in exchange for securities of the operating partnership equivalent to the securities we sell by means of this prospectus. Except as otherwise provided in the applicable prospectus supplement, the operating partnership intends to use any net proceeds of offerings of securities under this prospectus for working capital and general business purposes, which may include the reduction of outstanding indebtedness, future acquisitions, and the redevelopment of certain properties in the operating partnership's portfolio. Pending the use thereof, the operating partnership intends to invest any net proceeds in short-term, interest-bearing securities.
RATIO OF EARNINGS TO COMBINED FIXED CHARGES
AND PREFERENCE DIVIDENDS
The following sets forth our consolidated ratios of earnings to combined fixed charges and preference dividends for each of the periods indicated:
|
Year Ended December 31, |
|||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Six months ended June 30, 2003 |
||||||||||
2002 |
2001 |
2000 |
1999 |
1998 |
||||||
1.81 | 1.50 | 1.52 | 1.34 | 2.03 | 1.54 |
We computed these ratios by dividing earnings by combined fixed charges and dividends paid on our Series A cumulative convertible redeemable preferred stock (our "Series A Preferred Stock") and our Series B cumulative convertible redeemable preferred stock. For this purpose, earnings consist of income from continuing operations before minority interest, unconsolidated entities and cumulative effect of change in accounting principle, less the early extinguishment of debt plus gain (loss) on sale or writedown of assets. We further adjusted earnings by adding cash distributions from unconsolidated joint ventures and the management companies instead of the equity in their income and adding fixed charges net of capitalized interest. Fixed charges consist of interest expense, whether capitalized or expensed, and amortization of debt issuance costs.
14
The following description of the terms of our stock is only a summary. Our charter and bylaws may affect some of the terms of our stock. For a complete description of the terms of all of our stock, including our common stock, we refer you to the Maryland General Corporation Law, our charter and our bylaws. Our charter and bylaws are incorporated by reference as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part.
Capitalization
Our charter authorizes us to issue up to 220,000,000 shares of stock, consisting of 145,000,000 shares of common stock, $.01 par value per share, 15,000,000 shares of preferred stock, $.01 par value per share, and 60,000,000 shares of excess stock, $.01 par value per share (the "Excess Shares"). We had 58,366,090 shares of common stock (including shares of unvested restricted common stock) outstanding as of October 19, 2003. In addition, as of October 3, 2003, 5,398,618 shares of our common stock were reserved for issuance upon conversion of our outstanding preferred stock, 1,272,078 shares upon exercise of employee stock options and 13,469,627 shares upon conversion of OP units.
Our charter provides that our Board of Directors (as used in this prospectus, the term "Board of Directors" may include any of its duly authorized committees) may classify and reclassify any unissued shares of stock by setting or changing in any one or more respects the preferences, conversion or other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to dividends, qualifications or terms or conditions of redemption of the classified or reclassified shares of stock. The terms of any stock classified or reclassified by our Board of Directors in accordance with our charter will be set forth in Articles Supplementary filed with the State Department of Assessments and Taxation of Maryland prior to the issuance of any classified or reclassified stock.
We have authorized and issued 3,627,131 shares of Series A Preferred Stock. We also have authorized 1,961,345 shares of Series D cumulative convertible preferred stock ("Series D Preferred Stock"), none of which are outstanding. The Series A Preferred Stock and the Series D Preferred Stock are on a parity with each other and can each be converted into shares of our common stock based on a formula set forth in the applicable Articles Supplementary. As of the date of this prospectus, the conversion ratio is one-for-one for both of these series of preferred stock. Rights of holders of these two series of preferred stock include dividend and liquidation preferences over the holders of our common stock and voting rights in some circumstances. The terms of the Series A Preferred Stock and Series D Preferred Stock, including the liquidation preference, conversion or other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to dividends, qualifications, or terms or conditions of redemption are set forth in the applicable Articles Supplementary incorporated by reference as exhibits to our Annual Report on Form 10-K. See "Where You Can Find More Information."
In connection with our stockholder rights plan, we designated 1,500,000 shares of preferred stock as shares of Series C Junior Participating Preferred Stock (the "Series C Preferred Stock"), which may be issued to holders of rights if the rights become exercisable. Rights of holders of the Series C Preferred Stock include voting, dividend and liquidation preferences over the holders of our common stock. The Series C Preferred Stock is junior to the Series A Preferred Stock and Series D Preferred Stock with respect to both dividend and liquidation preferences. The terms of the Series C Preferred Stock, including the liquidation preference, conversion or other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to dividends, qualifications or terms or conditions of redemption are set forth in the Articles Supplementary incorporated by reference as an exhibit to our Annual Report on Form 10-K. See "Where You Can Find More Information." As of the date of this prospectus, no Series C Preferred Stock is outstanding. See "Stockholder Rights Plan, Selected Provisions of Maryland Law and of our Charter and Bylaws."
15
Rights of Holders of Our Common Stock
Subject to the provisions of our charter regarding Excess Shares (as described above), the holders of our common stock have full voting rights, one vote for each share held of record. Subject to the provisions of our charter regarding Excess Shares and the rights of holders of preferred stock, holders of our common stock are entitled to receive the dividends authorized by our Board of Directors out of funds legally available for this purpose. Upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up (but subject to the provisions of our charter and the rights of holders of preferred stock), the assets legally available for distribution to holders of our common stock will be distributed ratably among the holders of our common stock. Except as set forth in our stockholder rights plan, holders of our common stock have no preemptive or other subscription or conversion rights and no liability for further calls upon shares. See "Stockholder Rights Plan, Selected Provisions of Maryland Law and of our Charter and Bylaws." Our common stock is not subject to assessment.
The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock is Equiserve Trust Company, N.A.
Under Maryland law and our bylaws, stockholders are entitled to receive prior notice of our annual and special meetings of stockholders. Notice is given to a stockholder when it is personally delivered to him or her, left at his or her residence or usual place of business, mailed to him or her at his or her address as it appears on our records or transmitted to him or her by electronic mail or other electronic means.
Under Maryland law, a Maryland corporation generally cannot dissolve, amend its charter, merge, sell all or substantially all of its assets, engage in a share exchange or engage in similar transactions outside the ordinary course of business unless approved by the corporation's board of directors and by the affirmative vote of holders of at least two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter, unless a lesser percentage (but not less than a majority of all of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter) is set forth in the corporation's charter. Except for Article Ninth of our charter, which provides that our Company is subject to termination at any time by the holders of a majority of the outstanding common stock entitled to vote on the matter, our charter does not provide for a lesser percentage in these situations.
Issuance of Excess Shares
Our charter provides that in the event of a purported transfer of stock or other event that will, if effective, result in any of the following:
then the relevant stock will automatically be exchanged for Excess Shares, to the extent necessary to ensure that the purported transfer or other event does not result in a Prohibited Event. Outstanding Excess Shares will be held in trust. The trustee of the trust will be appointed by us and will be independent of us, any purported record or beneficial transferee and any beneficiary of such trust (the "Beneficiary"). The Beneficiary will be one or more charitable organizations selected by the trustee.
16
Our charter further provides that Excess Shares are entitled to the same dividends as the shares of stock exchanged for Excess Shares (the "Original Shares"). The trustee, as record holder of the Excess Shares, is entitled to receive all dividends and distributions in respect of the Excess Shares as may be authorized by the Board of Directors and declared by us and will hold the dividends or distributions in trust for the benefit of the Beneficiary. The trustee is also entitled to cast all votes that holders of the Excess Shares are entitled to cast. Excess Shares in the hands of the trustee will have the same voting rights as Original Shares. Upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, each Excess Share will be entitled to receive ratably with each other share of stock of the same class or series as the Original Shares, the assets distributed to the holders of the class or series of stock. The trustee will distribute to the purported transferee the amounts received upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, but only up to the amount paid by the purported transferee, or the market price for the Original Shares on the date of the purported transfer, if no consideration was paid by the transferee, and subject to additional limitations and offsets set forth in our charter.
If, after the purported transfer or other event resulting in an exchange of stock for Excess Shares, dividends or distributions are paid with respect to the Original Shares, then the dividends or distributions will be paid to the trustee for the benefit of the Beneficiary. While Excess Shares are held in trust, Excess Shares may be transferred by the trustee only to a person whose ownership of the Original Shares will not result in a Prohibited Event. At the time of any permitted transfer, the Excess Shares will be automatically exchanged for the same number of shares of the same type and class as the Original Shares. Our charter contains provisions that prohibit the purported transferee of the Excess Shares from receiving in return for the transfer an amount that reflects any appreciation in the Original Shares during the period that the Excess Shares were outstanding. Our charter requires any amount received by a purported transferee, in excess of the amount permitted to be received, to be paid to the Beneficiary.
Our charter further provides that we may purchase, for a period of 90 days during the time the Excess Shares are held in trust, all or any portion of the Excess Shares at the lesser of the price paid for the stock by the purported transferee (or if no consideration was paid, the market price at the time of such transaction) or the market price of the relevant shares as determined in accordance with our charter. The 90-day period begins on the date of the prohibited transfer if the purported transferee gives notice to the Board of Directors of the transfer or, if no notice is given, the date the Board of Directors determines in good faith that a prohibited transfer has been made.
These provisions of our charter will not be automatically removed even if the REIT provisions of the Internal Revenue Code are changed so as to no longer contain any ownership concentration limitation or if the ownership concentration limitation is increased. Amendments to our charter require the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of the shares entitled to vote. In addition to preserving our status as a REIT, the Ownership Limit may have the effect of precluding an acquisition of control of our Company without the approval of the Board of Directors.
All certificates representing shares of our common stock and our preferred stock bear a legend referring to the restrictions described above.
All persons who own, directly or by virtue of the attribution provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, more than 5% of our outstanding stock must file an affidavit with us containing the information specified in our charter within 30 days after January 1 of each year. In addition, these and other significant stockholders are required, upon demand, to disclose to us in writing the information with respect to their direct, indirect and constructive ownership of shares that our Board of Directors deems necessary to comply with the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code applicable to a REIT.
17
Restrictions on Transfer and Ownership
For us to qualify as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code, all of the following conditions must be satisfied:
See "Federal Income Tax ConsiderationsTaxation of the Company" and "Federal Income Tax ConsiderationsRequirements for Qualification." Our charter restricts the ownership and transfer of shares of our stock.
Subject to exceptions specified in our charter, no stockholder may own, or be deemed to own by virtue of the attribution provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, more than the Ownership Limit. The attribution provisions are complex and may cause stock owned directly or indirectly by a group of related individuals or entities to be deemed to be owned by one individual or entity. As a result, the acquisition of less than 5% in value or in number of shares of stock (or the acquisition of an interest in an entity which owns stock) by an individual or entity could cause that individual or entity (or another individual or entity) to be deemed to own in excess of 5% in value or in number of shares of our outstanding stock, and thus subject that stock to the Ownership Limit.
The Board of Directors may waive the Ownership Limit if evidence, satisfactory to our Board of Directors and our tax counsel, is presented that such ownership will not then or in the future jeopardize our status as a REIT. As a condition of a waiver by our Board of Directors, the intended transferee must give us written notice of the proposed transfer and must furnish such opinions of counsel, affidavits, undertakings, representations, agreements and information as may be required by the Board of Directors. Our charter excludes from the Ownership Limit some persons and their respective families and affiliates, but provides that no excluded participant may own (directly or indirectly) more than the excluded participant's Percentage Limitation, as described under "Issuance of Excess Shares."
Our charter provides that any purported transfer or issuance of shares, or other event, will be null and void if it results in a Prohibited Event. The intended transferee or purported owner in a transaction that results in a Prohibited Event will not acquire, and will retain no rights to, or economic interest in, those shares of stock. See "Issuance of Excess Shares."
Stockholder Rights Plan, Selected Provisions of Maryland Law and of our Charter and Bylaws
In addition to the Ownership Limit, certain provisions of our charter and bylaws, as well as our stockholder rights plan, may delay, defer or prevent a change of control or other transaction in which holders of some, or a majority, of our common stock might receive a premium for their common stock over the then prevailing market price or which such holders might believe to be otherwise in their best interests. The following paragraphs summarize a number of these provisions, as well as selected provisions of the Maryland General Corporation Law. This summary is not complete. For a complete description, we refer you to our charter, bylaws and stockholders rights agreement (all of which are incorporated by reference into the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part) and to the Maryland General Corporation Law.
18
Stockholder Rights Plan
On November 10, 1998, we adopted a preferred share purchase rights plan (the "Rights Plan") and authorized a dividend distribution of one preferred share purchase right on each outstanding share of our common stock.
The Rights Plan is designed to give the Board of Directors the time and opportunity to protect stockholder interests and encourage equal treatment of all stockholders in a takeover situation. The Rights Plan provides for a trigger percentage of 15% (with certain exceptions). In the event of a takeover attempt not approved by our Board of Directors, the holders of the rights may exercise them to purchase our common stock at a 50% discount or, in the event of a "squeeze out" transaction where we would not be the surviving entity, acquire stock of the acquiror at a 50% discount.
Staggered Board of Directors
Under our charter, the number of our directorscurrently ninemay be established in accordance with our bylaws. The charter also provides that the directors are divided into three classes. Directors hold office for a term of three years and until their successors are duly elected and qualify. The classification of our Board of Directors may make the replacement of incumbent directors more time-consuming and difficult.
Advance Notice of Director Nominations and New Business; Procedures for Special Meetings Requested by Stockholders
Our charter and bylaws provide that for any stockholder proposal to be presented in connection with an annual meeting or special meeting of our stockholders, including a proposal to nominate a director, the stockholder must have given timely written notice of the proposal to the Secretary. The bylaws provide that nominations to the Board of Directors and the proposal of business to be considered by stockholders at the annual meeting of stockholders may be made only:
Our bylaws also provide that only the business specified in our notice of meeting may be brought before a special meeting of stockholders. Nominations of persons for election to the Board of Directors at a special meeting of stockholders may be made only:
Our bylaws also contain special procedures applicable to a special meeting of stockholders that is called at the request of stockholders entitled to cast not less than a majority of all the votes entitled to be cast at the meeting.
19
Exemptions for the Principals from the Maryland Business Combination Law
Under Maryland law, "business combinations" between a Maryland corporation and an interested stockholder or an affiliate of an interested stockholder are prohibited for five years after the most recent date on which the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. These business combinations include a merger, consolidation, share exchange, or, in circumstances specified in the statute, an asset transfer or issuance or reclassification of equity securities. An interested stockholder is defined as:
After the five-year prohibition, any business combination between the Maryland corporation and an interested stockholder generally must be recommended by the board of directors of the corporation and approved by two super-majority stockholder votes, unless, among other conditions, the holders of the corporation's common stock receive a minimum price, as defined by Maryland law, for their shares and the consideration is received in cash or in the same form as previously paid by the interested stockholder for its common stock. None of these provisions of Maryland law will apply, however, to business combinations that are approved or exempted by the board of directors of the corporation before the time that the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. Furthermore, a person is not an interested stockholder if the transaction by which he or she would otherwise have become an interested stockholder is approved in advance by the board of directors.
As permitted by Maryland law, our charter exempts from these provisions any business combination between us and the Principals and their respective affiliates or related persons. As a result, these persons may be able to enter into business combinations with us that may not be in the best interest of our stockholders without compliance with the super-majority vote requirements and the other provisions of the statute.
Non-Stockholder Constituencies
Under our charter, for the purpose of determining our Company's and our stockholders' best interests with respect to a proposed business combination or other transaction involving a change of control of our Company, our Board of Directors must give due consideration to all relevant factors, including, without limitation, the interests of our employees, the economy, community and societal interests and our Company's and our stockholders' long-term as well as short-term interests, including the possibility that these interests may be best served by our continued independence.
Other Provisions of our Charter
Our charter authorizes our Board of Directors to classify and reclassify unissued shares and issue one or more series of common stock or preferred stock and authorizes the creation and issuance of rights entitling holders thereof to purchase from us shares of stock or other securities or property.
Control Share Acquisitions
Maryland law provides that the acquirer of certain levels of voting power in electing directors of a Maryland corporation, commencing at one-tenth or more, is not entitled to vote the shares in excess of the applicable threshold unless voting rights for the shares are approved by holders of two-thirds of the disinterested shares or unless the acquisition of the shares has been specifically or generally approved or exempted from the statute by a provision in the corporation's charter or bylaws adopted before the
20
acquisition of the shares. Our charter exempts from these provisions voting rights of shares owned by the Principals and their respective affiliates and related persons. Our bylaws also contain a provision exempting from this statute any acquisition by any person of shares of our stock. There can be no assurance that this bylaw will not be amended or eliminated in the future.
Amendment to our Charter and Bylaws
Amendments to our charter require the affirmative vote of holders of not less than two-thirds of all the votes entitled to be cast on the matter. Our Board of Directors has the exclusive power to adopt, alter or repeal any provision of our bylaws and to make new bylaws.
Director Removal
Subject to the rights of holders of any series of preferred stock, our charter provides that a director may be removed only for cause and only by the affirmative vote of the holders of shares entitled to cast at least two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast generally in the election of directors.
Dissolution of our Company
Dissolution of our Company must be approved by the affirmative vote of not less than a majority of all of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter.
Supermajority Vote for Extraordinary Corporate Actions
Under Maryland law, a Maryland corporation generally cannot dissolve, amend its charter, merge, sell all or substantially all of its assets, or engage in a share exchange or in similar transactions outside the ordinary course of business unless approved by the corporation's board of directors and the affirmative vote of holders of at least two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter, unless a lesser percentage (but not less than a majority of all of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter) is set forth in the corporation's charter. Except for Article Ninth of our charter, which provides that our Company is subject to dissolution at any time by the vote of holders of a majority of our outstanding common stock entitled to vote on the matter, our charter does not provide for a lesser percentage in these situations.
Limitation of Liability of Directors
Our charter includes provisions that limit the liability of our directors and officers to us and to our stockholders for money damages to the fullest extent permitted under Maryland law. Our charter also requires us to indemnify our present and former directors and officers to the maximum extent permitted under Maryland law. In addition, we have entered into indemnification agreements with some of our officers and directors.
21
DESCRIPTION OF OUR PREFERRED STOCK
Under our charter, we may issue shares of preferred stock from time to time, in one or more series as authorized by our Board of Directors. Prior to issuance of shares of each series, our Board of Directors is required by the Maryland General Corporation Law to adopt resolutions and file Articles Supplementary with the State Department of Assessments and Taxation of Maryland, fixing for each series the designations, powers, preferences, conversion and other rights, voting powers, qualifications, limitations as to dividends, restrictions and terms and conditions of redemption. Our Board of Directors could authorize the issuance of shares of preferred stock with terms and conditions which could have the effect of discouraging a takeover or other transaction which holders of some, or a majority, of those shares might believe to be in their best interests or in which holders of some, or a majority, of those shares might receive a premium for their shares over the then market price of those shares. The preferred stock will, when issued, be fully paid and nonassessable and will not have, or be subject to, any preemptive or similar rights.
The prospectus supplement relating to the series of preferred stock offered by that supplement will describe the specific terms of those securities, including:
22
Rank
Unless otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus supplement, the preferred stock will, with respect to dividend rights and rights upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, rank:
The term "equity securities" does not include convertible debt securities.
Dividends
Holders of shares of our preferred stock will be entitled to receive, when, as and if authorized by our Board of Directors and declared by us, out of our assets legally available for payment, cash dividends at rates and on dates as will be set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement. Each dividend will be payable to holders of record as they appear on our stock transfer books on the record dates as may be fixed by our Board of Directors.
Dividends on any series or class of our preferred stock may be cumulative or noncumulative, as provided in the applicable prospectus supplement. Dividends, if cumulative, will be cumulative from and after the date set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement. If our Board of Directors fails to authorize a dividend payable on a dividend payment date on any series or class of preferred stock for which dividends are noncumulative, then the holders of that series or class of preferred stock will have no right to receive a dividend in respect of the dividend period ending on that dividend payment date, and we will have no obligation to pay the dividend accrued for that period, whether or not dividends on such series or class are declared or paid for any future period.
Except as provided in the following paragraph, unless:
no dividends (other than in the common stock or other stock of ours ranking junior to the preferred stock of that series or class as to dividends and upon liquidation) may be authorized or paid or set aside for payment nor may any other distribution be authorized or made on the common stock or any other stock of ours ranking junior to or on a parity with the preferred stock of that series or class as to dividends or upon liquidation. In addition, common stock or any other stock of ours ranking junior to or on a parity with the preferred stock of that series or class as to dividends or upon liquidation may not be redeemed, purchased or otherwise acquired for any consideration (or any amounts be paid to or made available for a sinking fund for the redemption of any shares of any such stock) by us (except by conversion into or exchange for other stock of ours ranking junior to the preferred stock of that series or class as to dividends and upon liquidation).
23
When dividends are not paid in full (or a sum sufficient for the full payment is not set apart) upon the shares of preferred stock of any series or class and the shares of any other series or class of preferred stock ranking on a parity as to dividends with the preferred stock of that series or class, then all dividends authorized on shares of preferred stock of that series or class and any other series or class of preferred stock ranking on a parity as to dividends with that series or class of preferred stock will be authorized pro rata, so that the amount of dividends authorized per share on the preferred stock of that series or class and such other series or class of preferred stock will in all cases bear to each other the same ratio that accrued dividends per share on the shares of preferred stock of that series or class (which will not include any accumulation in respect of unpaid dividends for prior dividend periods if the preferred stock does not have a cumulative dividend) and that other series or class of preferred stock bear to each other. No interest, or sum of money in lieu of interest, will be payable in respect of any dividend payment or payments on preferred stock of that series or class that may be in arrears.
Any dividend payment made on shares of a series or class of preferred stock will first be credited against the earliest accrued but unpaid dividend due with respect to shares of that series or class that remains payable.
In determining whether a distribution by dividend, redemption or other acquisition of stock or otherwise is permitted under Maryland law, amounts that would be needed, if we were to be dissolved at the time of the distribution, to satisfy the preferential rights upon dissolution of stockholders whose preferential rights on dissolution are superior to those receiving the distribution will not be added to our total liabilities.
Redemption
If the applicable prospectus supplement so states, the shares of preferred stock will be subject to mandatory redemption or redemption at our option, in whole or in part, in each case on the terms, at the times and at the redemption prices set forth in that prospectus supplement.
The prospectus supplement relating to a series or class of preferred stock that is subject to mandatory redemption will specify the number of shares of that preferred stock that are to or may be redeemed by us in each year commencing after a date to be specified, at a redemption price per share to be specified, together with an amount equal to all accumulated and unpaid dividends on that preferred stock (which will not, if that preferred stock does not have a cumulative dividend, include any accumulation in respect of unpaid dividends for prior dividend periods) to the date of redemption. The redemption price may be payable in cash or other property, as specified in the applicable prospectus supplement. If the redemption price for preferred stock of any series or class is payable only from the net proceeds of the issuance of our stock, the terms of that preferred stock may provide that, if no such stock shall have been issued or to the extent the net proceeds from any issuance are insufficient to pay in full the aggregate redemption price then due, that preferred stock will automatically and mandatorily be converted into shares of our applicable stock pursuant to conversion provisions specified in the applicable prospectus supplement.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, unless:
24
the Company may not redeem any shares of that series or class of preferred stock unless all outstanding shares of preferred stock of that series or class are simultaneously redeemed and may not purchase or otherwise acquire directly or indirectly any shares of preferred stock of that series or class (except by conversion into or exchange for our stock ranking junior to the preferred stock of that series or class as to dividends and upon liquidation). However, this will not prevent the purchase or acquisition of shares of preferred stock of that series or class to preserve our REIT status or pursuant to a purchase or exchange offer made on the same terms to holders of all outstanding shares of preferred stock of that series or class.
If fewer than all of the outstanding shares of preferred stock of any series or class are to be redeemed, the number of shares to be redeemed will be determined by us, and those shares may be redeemed pro rata from the holders of record of those shares in proportion to the number of those shares held by those holders (with adjustments to avoid redemption of fractional shares) or any other equitable method determined by us.
Notice of redemption will be mailed at least 30 days but not more than 90 days before the redemption date to each holder of record of a share of preferred stock of any series to be redeemed at the address shown on our stock transfer books. Each notice will state:
If fewer than all the shares of preferred stock of any series are to be redeemed, the notice mailed to each holder will also specify the number of shares of preferred stock to be redeemed from each holder. If notice of redemption of any shares of preferred stock has been given, and if the funds necessary for that redemption have been irrevocably set apart by us in trust for the benefit of the holders of any shares of preferred stock so called for redemption, then from and after the redemption date, dividends will cease to accrue on those shares of preferred stock, those shares of preferred stock will no longer be deemed outstanding and all rights of the holders of those shares will terminate, except the right to receive the redemption price.
Liquidation Preference
Upon our voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up, then, before we will make any distribution or payment to the holders of common stock or any other series or class of stock ranking junior to any series or class of the preferred stock in the distribution of assets upon any liquidation, dissolution or winding up, the holders of that series or class of preferred stock will be entitled to receive, after payment or provision for payment of our debts and other liabilities and amounts due to stockholders whose preferential rights are senior to those of that series or class of preferred stock, out of our assets legally available for distribution to stockholders, liquidating distributions in the amount of the liquidation preference per share (set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement), plus an amount equal to all dividends accrued and unpaid on the preferred stock (which will not include any accumulation in respect of unpaid dividends for prior dividend periods if the preferred stock does not have a cumulative dividend). After payment of the full amount of the liquidating distributions to which they are entitled, the holders of preferred stock will have no right or claim to any of our remaining assets.
25
If, upon any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up, our legally available assets are insufficient to pay the amount of the liquidating distributions on all outstanding shares of any series or class of preferred stock and the corresponding amounts payable on all shares of other classes or series of our stock ranking on a parity with that series or class of preferred stock in the distribution of assets upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up, then the holders of that series or class of preferred stock and all other classes or series of stock will share ratably in any distribution of assets in proportion to the full liquidating distributions to which they would otherwise be respectively entitled.
If liquidating distributions have been made in full to all holders of any series or class of preferred stock, we will distribute our remaining assets among the holders of any other classes or series of stock ranking junior to that series or class of preferred stock upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up, according to their respective rights and preferences and in each case according to their respective number of shares. For these purposes, none of the following will be deemed to constitute a liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs: (i) a consolidation, merger or other business combination of our Company with one or more corporations, REITs or other entities, (ii) our dissolution, liquidation, winding up, or reorganization immediately followed by incorporation of another entity to which such assets are distributed, (iii) a sale, lease, conveyance or other disposition of all or substantially all of our assets, properties or business to another entity or (iv) a statutory share exchange by us.
Voting Rights
Holders of preferred stock will not have any voting rights, except as set forth below or as indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement.
Unless provided otherwise for any series or class of preferred stock, so long as any shares of preferred stock of a series or class remain outstanding, we will not:
However, no such vote or consent is required in connection with (i) any increase in the total number of our authorized shares; (ii) the authorization or increase of any class or series of shares of stock ranking, as to distribution rights and liquidation preference, on a parity with or junior to that series or class of preferred stock; (iii) any merger or consolidation in which we are the surviving entity if, immediately after the merger or consolidation, there are outstanding no shares of stock and no securities convertible into shares of stock ranking as to distribution rights or liquidation preference senior to that series or class of preferred stock other than our securities outstanding prior to such merger or consolidation; (iv) any merger or consolidation in which we are not the surviving entity if, as result of the merger or consolidation, the holders of that series or class of preferred stock receive shares of stock or other equity securities with preferences, rights and privileges substantially identical
26
with the preferences, rights and privileges of that series or class of preferred stock and there are outstanding no shares of stock or stock or other equity securities of the surviving entity ranking as to distribution rights or liquidation preference senior to that series or class of preferred stock other than our securities outstanding prior to such merger or consolidation; or (v) the dissolution, liquidation or winding up of our Company.
These voting provisions will not apply if, at or prior to the time when the act with respect to which that vote would otherwise be required will be effected, all outstanding shares of that series or class of preferred stock have been redeemed or called for redemption upon proper notice and (i) sufficient funds have been deposited in trust to effect that redemption or (ii) in a case involving an issuance of stock ranking senior to such series or class of preferred stock, the redemption price (other than any portion thereof consisting of accrued and unpaid dividends) is to be paid solely from the proceeds of such issuance.
Conversion Rights
The terms and conditions, if any, upon which shares of any series or class of preferred stock are convertible into shares of common stock will be set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement. The terms will include:
Transfer Agent
The transfer agent and registrar for any series or class of preferred stock will be set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement.
27
FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS
This section summarizes the current material federal income tax consequences to us and to our stockholders generally resulting from the treatment of our Company as a REIT. Because this section is a general summary, it does not address all of the potential federal income tax issues which may be relevant to you in light of your particular circumstances. Further, this section does not address any state, local, or foreign tax considerations. The discussion in this section is based on and is qualified in its entirety by the current Internal Revenue Code, its legislative history, administrative pronouncements, judicial decisions and United States Treasury Department ("Treasury") regulations, all as in effect on the date hereof. Subsequent changes to any of the above may affect the tax consequences described in this section, possibly on a retroactive basis.
THIS SECTION IS NOT A SUBSTITUTE FOR CAREFUL TAX PLANNING. YOU SHOULD CONSULT THE APPLICABLE PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT AND YOUR OWN TAX ADVISOR REGARDING THE SPECIFIC FEDERAL, STATE, LOCAL, FOREIGN AND OTHER TAX CONSEQUENCES TO YOU REGARDING THE PURCHASE, OWNERSHIP AND SALE OF THE SECURITIES BEING OFFERED BY THIS PROSPECTUS AND ANY PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT. YOU SHOULD ALSO CONSULT WITH YOUR TAX ADVISOR REGARDING THE IMPACT OF POTENTIAL CHANGES IN THE APPLICABLE TAX LAWS.
We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the Internal Revenue Code, commencing with our taxable year ending December 31, 1994. We believe that we are organized and have operated in a manner which qualifies for taxation as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code. We further believe that our proposed future method of operation will enable us to continue to qualify as a REIT. However, no assurances can be given that our beliefs or expectations will be fulfilled, since qualification as a REIT depends on our continuing to satisfy numerous asset, income and distribution tests described below, and which depend, in part, on our operating results.
The sections of the Internal Revenue Code relating to qualification and operation as a REIT, and the federal income tax treatment of a REIT and its stockholders, are highly technical and complex. The following discussion sets forth only the material aspects of those sections. This summary is qualified in its entirety by the applicable Internal Revenue Code provisions and the related rules and regulations.
Taxation of our Company
We generally are not subject to federal income tax on the portion of our taxable income or capital gain that is distributed to stockholders annually as long as we qualify as a REIT. This treatment substantially eliminates the "double taxation" (at the corporate and stockholder levels) that typically results from investment in a corporation.
Notwithstanding our qualification as a REIT, we are subject to federal income tax as follows:
28
Two of our management companies, Macerich Management Company and Westcor Partners, LLC, are taxed on their income at regular corporate rates. We use the calendar year both for federal income tax purposes and for financial reporting purposes.
Requirements for Qualification
To qualify as a REIT, we must elect to be treated as a REIT, and we must meet various (a) organizational requirements, (b) gross income tests, (c) assets tests and (d) annual distribution requirements.
Organizational Requirements. We must be organized as a corporation, trust or association:
The Internal Revenue Code provides that conditions (1) through (4) must be met during our entire taxable year, and that condition (5) must be met during at least 335 days of a taxable year of 12 months, or during a proportionate part of a taxable year of less than 12 months. Our charter provides for restrictions regarding transfer of our stock, in order to assist us in continuing to satisfy the share ownership requirements described in (5) and (6) above. These transfer restrictions are described in "Description of our StockRestrictions on Transfer and Ownership."
29
We are treated as having satisfied condition (6) above if we comply with the regulatory requirements to request information from our stockholders regarding their actual ownership of our stock, and do not know, or in exercising reasonable diligence would not have known, that we failed to satisfy this condition. If we fail to comply with these regulatory requirements for any taxable year we will be subject to a penalty of $25,000, or $50,000 if such failure was intentional. However, if our failure to comply was due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect, no penalties will be imposed.
Gross Income Tests. We must satisfy the following two separate gross income tests each year:
In the case of a REIT which is a partner in a partnership, Treasury regulations provide that the REIT will be deemed to own its proportionate share of the assets of the partnership and will be deemed to be entitled to the income of the partnership attributable to such share. In addition, the character of the assets and gross income of the partnership will retain the same character in the hands of the REIT for federal income tax purposes. Thus, our proportionate share of the assets, liabilities and items of income of the operating partnership and the Property Partnerships will be treated as our assets, liabilities and items of income for purposes of applying the REIT requirements described in this prospectus.
Rents from Real Property. Rents received by us qualify as "rents from real property" in satisfying the gross income tests described above if the following conditions are met. First, the amount of rent must not be based, in whole or in part, on the income or profits of any person. An amount received or accrued generally is not excluded from the term "rents from real property" solely because the amount is based on a fixed percentage or percentages of receipts or sales. Second, we, or an owner of 10% or more of our equity securities, must not directly or constructively own 10% or more of a tenant. Third, if more than 15% of the total rent we receive under the lease is attributable to personal property leased in connection with a lease of real property, then the portion of rent attributable to that personal property does not qualify as "rents from real property." Finally, we generally must not operate or manage the property, or furnish or render services to the tenants of the property, other than through an independent contractor from whom we do not derive revenue. However, we may directly perform services that are "usually or customarily rendered" in connection with the rental of space for occupancy only or are not otherwise considered "rendered to the occupant" for its convenience. A de minimis amount of up to 1% of the gross income may be received by us from each property from the provision of non-customary services without disqualifying all other amounts received from that property as "rents from real property." However, the de minimis amount itself will not qualify as "rents from real property" for purposes of the 75% and 95% gross income tests. In addition, we may furnish certain services (including "non-customary" services) through a taxable REIT subsidiary, which includes a corporation other than a REIT in which we hold stock and that has made a joint election with us to be treated as a taxable REIT subsidiary. A taxable REIT subsidiary is subject to federal income tax at regular corporate rates.
Macerich Property Management Company, LLC and Macerich Westcor Management, LLC, which do not satisfy the independent contractor standard, as managers for the operating partnership and certain Property Partnerships, have provided and will continue to provide services with respect to the Centers (other than the Joint Venture Centers) and any newly-acquired, wholly-owned property of the
30
operating partnership or certain Property Partnerships. We believe that all of the services so provided were and will be of the type usually or customarily rendered in connection with the rental of space for occupancy only. Therefore, the provision of those services will not cause the rents received with respect to the Centers or newly-acquired centers to fail to qualify as rents from real property for purposes of the 75% and 95% gross income tests. In addition, we have elected taxable REIT subsidiary status with respect to Macerich Management Company and Westcor Partners, LLC. If the operating partnership or a Property Partnership contemplates providing services in the future that reasonably might be expected to fail the "usual or customary" standard, it will arrange to have those services provided by an independent contractor from which neither the operating partnership nor the Property Partnership receives any income, or provided (either directly or indirectly through a subsidiary entity) by a management company that has elected taxable REIT subsidiary status.
Prohibited Transactions. Net income from prohibited transactions is subject to a 100% tax. The term "prohibited transaction" generally includes a sale or other disposition of property (other than foreclosure property) that is held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business. We believe that none of the assets owned by the operating partnership, the Property Partnerships, or us are held for sale to customers. Further, the sale of any Center and associated property will not be in the ordinary course of business of the operating partnership, the relevant Property Partnership or us. We will attempt to comply with the terms of the safe-harbor provisions in the Internal Revenue Code prescribing when asset sales will not be characterized as prohibited transactions. However, whether property is held "primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business" depends on the facts and circumstances, including those related to a particular property. As such, complete assurance cannot be given that we can comply with the safe-harbor provisions of the Internal Revenue Code or avoid owning property that may be characterized as property held "primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business."
Our investment in the Centers through the operating partnership and Property Partnerships should give rise to qualifying income in the form of rents and gains on the sales of Centers. Substantially all income derived by us from Macerich Management Company and Westcor Partners, LLC will be in the form of dividends on the stock owned by the operating partnership. While these dividends only satisfy the 95% (and not the 75%) gross income test, we anticipate that non-qualifying income on our investments (including dividend income) will not result in our failing any of the gross income tests.
Relief Provisions for Failing the 75% or the 95% Gross Income Tests. If we fail to satisfy one or both of the 75% or 95% gross income tests for any taxable year, we may nevertheless qualify as a REIT for that year if we are entitled to relief under provisions of the Internal Revenue Code. Relief provisions are generally available if (1) our failure to meet the tests is due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect, (2) we attach a schedule of the sources of our income to our tax return, and (3) any incorrect information on the schedule was not due to fraud with intent to evade tax. However, it is not possible to state whether in all circumstances we would be entitled to the benefit of these relief provisions. As discussed above in "Taxation of our Company," even if the relief provisions apply, a tax will be imposed with respect to some or all of our excess nonqualifying gross income, reduced by approximated expenses.
Asset Tests. We must satisfy the following four tests relating to the nature of our assets at the close of each quarter of our taxable year:
31
Our investment in the Centers through our interest in the operating partnership and Property Partnerships will constitute qualified assets for purposes of the 75% asset test.
The operating partnership owns 100% of the non-voting preferred stock of Macerich Management Company, which has elected taxable REIT subsidiary status. In addition, we and the operating partnership own indirectly 100% of the interests in Westcor Partners, LLC, which also has elected taxable REIT subsidiary status. Because we have a partnership interest in the operating partnership, we are deemed to own our pro rata share of the assets of the operating partnership, including the securities of Macerich Management Company and the interests in Westcor Partners, LLC. Macerich Property Management Company, LLC and Macerich Westcor Management, LLC are both single member limited liability companies that are disregarded for federal income tax purposes.
Because the management companies are either taxable REIT subsidiaries or are disregarded entities for federal income tax purposes, the operating partnership does not violate the limitation on holding more than 10% of the vote of value of the securities of any one issuer. In addition, not more than 20% of our total assets consists of securities issued by entities that have elected taxable REIT subsidiary status. However, the Internal Revenue Code contains two provisions that ensure that taxable REIT subsidiaries are subject to an appropriate level of federal income taxation. First, they are limited in their ability to deduct certain interest payments made to an affiliated REIT. Second, if a taxable REIT subsidiary pays an amount to a REIT that exceeds the amount that would be paid to an unrelated party in an arm's length transaction, the REIT generally will be subject to an excise tax equal to 100% of the excess.
Annual Distribution Requirements. We are required to distribute dividends (other than capital gain dividends) to our stockholders in an amount at least equal to (A) the sum of (1) 90% of our REIT taxable income (computed without regard to the dividends paid deduction and our net capital gain) and (2) 90% of the net income (after tax), if any, from foreclosure property, minus (B) the sum of specified items of noncash income. Dividends must be paid in the taxable year to which they relate, or in the following taxable year if declared before we timely file our tax return for that year and if paid on or before the first regular dividend payment after the declaration. To the extent that we do not distribute all of our net capital gain or distribute at least 90%, but less than 100%, of our REIT taxable income, as adjusted, we will be subject to tax on the undistributed amount at regular ordinary and capital gains corporate tax rates, as applicable. We may designate all or a portion of our undistributed net capital gains as being includable in the income of our stockholders as gain from the sale or exchange of a capital asset. If so, the stockholders receive an increase in the basis of their stock in the amount of the income recognized. Stockholders are also to be treated as having paid their proportionate share of the capital gains tax imposed on us on the undistributed amounts and receive a corresponding decrease in the basis of their stock. Furthermore, if we should fail to distribute during each calendar year at least the sum of (1) 85% of our REIT ordinary income for that year, (2) 95% of our REIT capital gain net income for that year and (3) any undistributed taxable income from prior periods, we would be subject to a 4% excise tax on the excess of the required distribution over the sum of (i) the amounts actually
32
distributed, plus (ii) retained amounts on which income tax is paid by us. We have made and intend to make timely distributions sufficient to satisfy all annual distribution requirements.
From time to time, we may experience timing differences between (1) the actual receipt of income and actual payment of deductible expenses and (2) the inclusion of that income and deduction of those expenses in arriving at our taxable income. Further, from time to time, we may be allocated a share of net capital gain attributable to the sale of depreciated property which exceeds our allocable share of cash attributable to that sale. Additionally, we may incur cash expenditures that are not currently deductible for tax purposes. As such, we may have less cash available for distribution than is necessary to meet our annual 90% distribution requirement or to avoid tax with respect to capital gain or the excise tax imposed on specified undistributed income. To meet the 90% distribution requirement necessary to qualify as a REIT or to avoid tax with respect to capital gain or the excise tax imposed on specified undistributed income, we may find it appropriate to arrange for short-term (or possibly long-term) borrowings or to pay distributions in the form of taxable stock dividends. We are required to arrange through the operating partnership any borrowings for the purpose of making distributions to stockholders.
Under circumstances relating to any Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") audit adjustments that increase income, we may be able to rectify a failure to meet the distribution requirement for a year by paying "deficiency dividends" to stockholders in a later year, which may be included in our deduction for dividends paid for the earlier year. Thus, we may be able to avoid being taxed on amounts distributed as deficiency dividends. However, we will be required to pay interest based upon the amount of any deduction taken for deficiency dividends.
In order to avoid the payment of monetary penalties, we must maintain records and request information from our stockholders designed to disclose the actual ownership of our stock. We have complied and intend to continue to comply with these requirements.
Affiliated REITs. The operating partnership owns 100% of the outstanding common stock of Macerich PPR Corp., which in turn owns a 51% interest in Pacific Premier Retail Trust. These affiliated REITs must also meet the REIT tests discussed above. The failure of either of these affiliated REITs to qualify as a REIT could cause us to fail to qualify as a REIT, because we would then own (through the operating partnership) more than 10% of the securities of an issuer that was neither a REIT, a qualified REIT subsidiary nor a taxable REIT subsidiary. We believe that the affiliated REITs have been organized and operated in a manner that will permit them to qualify as REITs.
Failure to Qualify as a REIT
If we fail to qualify for taxation as a REIT in any taxable year and the relief provisions do not apply, we will be subject to tax (including any applicable alternative minimum tax) on our taxable income at regular corporate rates. Distributions to stockholders in any year in which we fail to qualify will not be deductible by us, nor will we be required to make those distributions. If we fail to so qualify and the relief provisions do not apply, to the extent of current and accumulated earnings and profits, all distributions to stockholders who are individuals will be taxable at capital gains rates (through 2008), and, subject to specified limitations of the Internal Revenue Code, corporate distributees may be eligible for the dividends received deduction. Unless entitled to relief under specific statutory provisions, we will also be disqualified from taxation as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which we ceased to qualify as a REIT. It is not possible to state whether in all circumstances we would be entitled to statutory relief.
33
Taxation of Stockholders
Taxation of Taxable Domestic Stockholders
As long as we qualify as a REIT, distributions made to our taxable U.S. stockholders will be taxed as follows:
New Legislation
On May 28, 2003, the President signed into law the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003. This new tax law will reduce the maximum individual tax rate for long-term capital gains generally from 20% to 15% (for sales occurring after May 5, 2003 through December 31, 2008) and for dividends generally from 38.6% to 15% (for tax years from 2003 through 2008). Without future congressional action, the maximum tax rate on long-term capital gains will return to 20% in 2009, and the maximum rate on dividends will move to 35% in 2009 and 39.6% in 2011. Because we are not generally subject to federal income tax on the portion of our REIT taxable income or capital gains distributed to our stockholders, our dividends will generally not be eligible for the new 15% tax rate on dividends. As a result, our ordinary REIT dividends will continue to be taxed at the higher tax rates applicable to ordinary income. However, the 15% tax rate for long-term capital gains and dividends will generally apply to:
34
Backup Withholding
We will report to our U.S. stockholders and the IRS the amount of distributions paid during each calendar year and the amount of tax withheld, if any. Under the backup withholding rules, a stockholder may be subject to backup withholding with respect to distributions paid, unless the holder (a) is a corporation or comes within other exempt categories and, when required, demonstrates this fact; or (b) provides a taxpayer identification number, certifies as to no loss of exemption from backup withholding, and otherwise complies with applicable requirements of the backup withholding rules. A stockholder that does not provide us with his or her correct taxpayer identification number may also be subject to penalties imposed by the IRS. Any amount paid as backup withholding will be creditable against the stockholder's income tax liability. In addition, we may be required to withhold a portion of capital gain distributions to any stockholders who fail to certify their non-foreign status to us. See "Taxation of Foreign Stockholders."
Treatment of Tax-Exempt Stockholders
Distributions from us to a tax-exempt employee pension trust, or other domestic tax-exempt stockholder, generally will not constitute unrelated business taxable income ("UBTI"), unless the stockholder has borrowed to acquire or carry our common stock. However, qualified trusts that hold more than 10% (by value) of some REITs may be required to treat a specified percentage of those REITs' distributions as UBTI. This requirement will apply only if (1) the REIT would not qualify for federal income tax purposes but for the application of a "look-through" exception to the "five or fewer" requirement applicable to shares held by qualified trusts and (2) the REIT is "predominantly held" by qualified trusts. A REIT is predominantly held by qualified trusts if either (1) a single qualified trust holds more than 25% by value of the REIT interests; or (2) one or more qualified trusts, each owning more than 10% by value of the REIT interests, hold in the aggregate more than 50% of the REIT interests. The percentage of any REIT dividend treated as UBTI is equal to the ratio of (a) the UBTI earned by the REIT (treating the REIT as if it were a qualified trust and therefore subject to tax on UBTI) to (b) the total gross income (less specified associated expenses) of the REIT. A de minimis exception applies where the ratio set forth in the preceding sentence is less than 5% for any year. For those purposes, a qualified trust is any trust described in Section 401(a) of the Internal Revenue Code and exempt from tax under Section 501(a) of the Internal Revenue Code. The provisions requiring qualified trusts to treat a portion of REIT distributions as UBTI will not apply if the REIT is able to satisfy the "five or fewer" requirement without relying upon the "look-through" exception. The restrictions on ownership of our stock in our charter will prevent application of the provisions treating a portion of REIT distributions as UBTI to tax-exempt entities purchasing our common stock, absent approval by the Board of Directors.
Taxation of Foreign Stockholders
This section provides a brief summary of the complex rules governing United States federal income taxation of nonresident alien individuals, foreign corporations, foreign partnerships and other foreign stockholders (collectively, "Non-U.S. Stockholders"). Prospective Non-U.S. Stockholders should consult with their own tax advisors to determine the impact of federal, state and local income tax laws with regard to an investment in shares, including any reporting requirements.
35
Distributions that are not attributable to gain from sales or exchanges by us of United States real property interests and not designated by us as capital gains dividends will be treated as dividends of ordinary income to the extent that they are made out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits. These distributions will ordinarily be subject to a withholding tax of 30% of the gross amount of the distribution, unless an applicable tax treaty reduces or eliminates that tax. However, if income from the investment in the shares is treated as effectively connected with the Non-U.S. Stockholder's conduct of a United States trade or business, the Non-U.S. Stockholder generally will be subject to a tax at graduated rates, in the same manner that U.S. stockholders are taxed with respect to distributions of this kind (and may also be subject to the 30% branch profits tax in the case of a stockholder that is a foreign corporation). We expect to withhold United States income tax at the rate of 30% on the gross amount of any distributions of this kind made to a Non-U.S. Stockholder, unless (1) the Non-U.S. Stockholder files an IRS Form W-8BEN with us certifying that a lower treaty rate applies, or (2) the Non-U.S. Stockholder files an IRS Form W-8ECI with us claiming that the distribution is effectively connected income.
Distributions in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits will not be taxable to a stockholder to the extent that these distributions do not exceed the adjusted basis of a stockholder's shares, but rather will reduce the adjusted basis of those shares. To the extent that distributions in excess of current accumulated earnings and profits exceed the adjusted basis of a Non-U.S. Stockholder's shares, these distributions will give rise to tax liability if the Non-U.S. Stockholder would otherwise be subject to tax on any gain from the sale or disposition of his or her shares in the Company, as described below. If it cannot be determined, at the time a distribution is made, whether or not that distribution will be in excess of current and accumulated earnings and profits, the distributions will be subject to withholding at the same rate as dividends. However, amounts thus withheld are refundable by the IRS if it is subsequently determined that the distribution was, in fact, in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits and the proper forms are filed with the IRS by the Non-U.S. Stockholder on a timely basis.
For any year in which we qualify as a REIT, distributions that are attributable to gain from sales or exchanges by us of United States real property interests will be taxed to a Non-U.S. Stockholder under the provisions of the Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act of 1980 ("FIRPTA"). Under FIRPTA, distributions attributable to gain from sales of United States real property interests are taxed to a Non-U.S. Stockholder as if the gain is effectively connected with a United States business. Non-U.S. Stockholders would thus be taxed at the normal capital gain rates applicable to U.S. stockholders (subject to applicable alternative minimum tax and a special alternative minimum tax in the case of nonresident alien individuals). Also, distributions subject to FIRPTA may be subject to a 30% branch profits tax in the hands of a foreign corporate stockholder not entitled to treaty exemption. We are required by applicable Treasury regulations to withhold 35% of any distribution that could be designated by us as a capital gains dividend. This amount is creditable against the Non-U.S. Stockholder FIRPTA tax liability.
Gain recognized by a Non-U.S. Stockholder upon a sale of shares generally will not be taxed under FIRPTA if we are a "domestically controlled REIT" (defined generally as a REIT in which at all times during a specified testing period less than 50% in value of the stock was held directly or indirectly by foreign persons). We currently anticipate that we constitute a domestically controlled REIT, although there can be no assurance that we will retain that status. If we are not a domestically controlled REIT, gain recognized by a Non-U.S. Stockholder will continue to be exempt under FIRPTA if that Non-U.S. Stockholder at no time owned more than five percent of our stock. However, gain not subject to FIRPTA will be taxable to a Non-U.S. Stockholder if (1) investment in the shares is effectively connected with the Non-U.S. Stockholder's United States trade or business, in which case the Non-U.S. Stockholder generally will be subject to the same treatment as U.S. stockholders with respect to the gain; or (2) the Non-U.S. Stockholder is a nonresident alien individual who was present in the United
36
States for more than 182 days during the taxable year and has a "tax home" in the United States, in which case the nonresident alien individual will be subject to a 30% tax on the individual's capital gains. If the gain on the sale of shares were to be subject to taxation under FIRPTA, the Non-U.S. Stockholder would be subject to the same treatment as U.S stockholders with respect to the gain (subject to applicable alternative minimum tax and a special alternative minimum tax in the case of nonresident alien individuals).
If the proceeds of a sale of shares are paid by or through a U.S. office of a broker, the payment is subject to information reporting and to backup withholding, unless the disposing Non-U.S. Stockholder certifies as to his or her name, address and non-U.S. status or otherwise establishes an exemption. Generally, U.S. information reporting and backup withholding will not apply to a payment of disposition proceeds if the payment is made outside the U.S. through a non-U.S. office of a non-U.S. broker. U.S. information reporting requirements (but not backup withholding) will apply, however, to a payment of disposition proceeds outside the U.S. if: (1) the payment is made through an office outside the U.S. of a broker that is (a) a U.S. person, (b) a foreign person that derives 50% or more of its gross income for specified periods from the conduct of a trade or business in the U.S., or (c) a "controlled foreign corporation" for U.S. federal income tax purposes; and (2) the broker fails to initiate documentary evidence that the stockholder is a Non-U.S. Stockholder and that specified conditions are met or that the Non-U.S. Stockholder otherwise is entitled to a exemption.
Tax Aspects of Our Investments in Partnerships
We hold direct or indirect interests in the operating partnership and the Property Partnerships (each individually a "Partnership" and, collectively, the "Partnerships"). In general, partnerships are "pass-through" entities which are not subject to federal income tax. Rather, partners are allocated their proportionate shares of the items of income, gain, loss, deduction and credit of a partnership. Further, the partners are potentially subject to tax thereon without regard to whether the partners receive a distribution from the partnership. We will include our proportionate share of the items of income, gain, loss, deduction and credit of the Partnerships for purposes of the various REIT income tests and in the computation of our REIT taxable income. See "Requirements for QualificationGross Income Tests." Any resulting increase in our REIT taxable income will increase our distribution requirements (see "Requirements for QualificationAnnual Distribution Requirements").
However, these increases will not be subject to federal income tax in our hands provided that the income is distributed by us to our stockholders. Moreover, for purposes of the REIT asset tests (see "Requirements for QualificationAsset Tests"), we will include our proportionate share of assets held by the Partnerships.
Tax Allocations with Respect to Contributed Properties
Under Section 704(c) of the Internal Revenue Code, income, gain, loss and deduction attributable to appreciated or depreciated property that is contributed to a partnership in exchange for an interest in the partnership must be allocated in a manner such that the contributing partner is charged with, or benefits from, respectively, the unrealized gain or unrealized loss associated with the property at the time of the contribution. The amount of the unrealized gain or unrealized loss is generally equal to the difference between the fair market value of contributed property at the time of contribution, and the adjusted tax basis of the property at the time of contribution (a "Book-Tax Difference"). These allocations are solely for federal income tax purposes and do not affect the book capital accounts or other economic or legal arrangements among the partners. The operating partnership was formed principally by way of contributions of appreciated property. Consequently, the Partnership Agreement requires these allocations to be made in a manner consistent with Section 704(c) of the Internal Revenue Code.
37
In general, the limited partners of the operating partnership will be allocated lower amounts of depreciation deductions for tax purposes and increased taxable income and gain on sale by the Partnerships of the contributed assets. This will tend to eliminate the Book-Tax Difference over the life of the Partnerships. However, the special allocation rules of Section 704(c) do not always rectify the Book-Tax Difference on an annual basis or with respect to a specific taxable transaction such as a sale. Under the applicable Treasury regulations, special allocations of income and gain and depreciation deductions must be made on a property-by-property basis. Depreciation deductions resulting from the carryover basis of a contributed property are used to eliminate the Book-Tax Difference by allocating these deductions to the non-contributing partners (i.e., the REIT and the other non-contributing partners) up to the amount of their share of book depreciation. Any remaining tax depreciation for the contributed property would be allocated to the partners that contributed the property. The operating partnership intends to elect the traditional method of rectifying the Book-Tax Difference under the applicable Treasury regulations, under which, if depreciation deductions are less than the non-contributing partners' share of book depreciation, then the non-contributing partners lose the benefit of these deductions ("ceiling rule"). When the property is sold, the resulting tax gain is used to the extent possible to eliminate the Book-Tax Difference (reduced by any previous book depreciation). Because of the application of the ceiling rule it is anticipated that tax depreciation will be allocated substantially in accordance with the percentages of OP units held by us and the limited partners of the operating partnership, notwithstanding Section 704(c) of the Internal Revenue Code. Thus, the carryover basis of the contributed assets in the hands of the Partnerships will cause us to be allocated lower depreciation and other deductions, and possibly greater amounts of taxable income in the event of a sale of those contributed assets in excess of the economic or book depreciation allocated to them, and possibly the economic and book income or gain allocated to them as a result of the sale. This may cause us to recognize taxable income in excess of cash proceeds, which might adversely affect our ability to comply with the REIT distribution requirements. See "Requirements for QualificationAnnual Distribution Requirements."
Other Tax Considerations
The Management Companies
A portion of the cash to be used by the operating partnership to fund distributions to partners, including us, may come from the management companies through distributions on the stock or limited liability company interests that will be held by the operating partnership. The management companies will receive income from the operating partnership, the Property Partnerships and unrelated third parties. Because we, the operating partnership and the management companies are related through stock or other ownership, income of the management companies from services performed for us and the operating partnership may be subject to rules under which additional income may be allocated to the management companies. The management companies (other than Macerich Property Management Company, LLC and Macerich Westcor Management, LLC) will pay federal and state income tax at the full applicable corporate rates on their income prior to payment of any distributions. The management companies will attempt to minimize the amount of these taxes, but there can be no assurance whether, or the extent to which, measures taken to minimize taxes will be successful. To the extent that the management companies are required to pay federal, state or local taxes, the cash available for distribution by us to stockholders will be reduced accordingly.
Possible Legislative or Other Actions Affecting Tax Consequences
You should recognize that the present federal income tax treatment of an investment in our Company may be modified by legislative, judicial or administrative action at any time and that any such action may affect investments and commitments previously made. The rules dealing with federal income taxation are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process and by the IRS and
38
the Treasury Department, resulting in revisions of regulations and revised interpretations of established concepts as well as statutory changes. Revisions in federal tax laws and interpretations thereof could affect the tax consequences of an investment in our Company.
State and Local Taxes
Our Company and our stockholders may be subject to state or local taxation in various jurisdictions, including those in which our Company or they transact business or reside. The state and local tax treatment of our Company and our stockholders may not conform to the federal income tax consequences discussed above. Consequently, you should consult your own tax advisors regarding the effect of state and local tax laws on an investment in any securities.
39
The securities being offered by this prospectus may be sold domestically or abroad:
We may effect the distribution of securities from time to time in one or more transactions, including block transactions and transactions on the New York Stock Exchange or any other organized market where the securities may be traded.
We may offer and sell securities to the public through underwriting syndicates represented by one or more managing underwriters or directly by one or more firms acting as underwriters. The applicable prospectus supplement will set forth any managing underwriter or underwriters, as well as any other underwriter or underwriters, with respect to a particular underwritten offering of securities. Underwriters may offer and sell the securities at a fixed price or prices, which may be changed, at market prices prevailing at the time of sale, at prices related to prevailing market prices or at negotiated prices. In connection with their sale of the securities, underwriters may receive compensation from us in the form of underwriting discounts or commissions and may also receive commissions from purchasers of the securities for whom they may act as agent.
We or any underwriters may sell the securities to or through dealers, and such dealers may receive compensation in the form of discounts, concessions or commissions from the underwriters and/or commissions from the purchasers for whom they may act as agent. If we sell the securities to a dealer, as principal, the dealer may then resell the securities to the public at varying prices to be determined by the dealer at the time of resale.
Any underwriting compensation we pay to underwriters or agents in connection with the offering of the securities, and any discounts, concessions or commissions allowed by underwriters to participating dealers, will be set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement. Dealers and agents participating in the distribution of securities may be deemed to be underwriters, and any discounts and commissions received by them and any profit realized by them on resale of the securities may be deemed to be underwriting discounts and commissions. We may agree to indemnify any underwriters, dealers and agents against civil liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act of 1933, incurred by them in connection with their services to us.
We may also offer and sell the securities in connection with a remarketing upon their purchase, in accordance with a redemption or repayment pursuant to their terms, or otherwise, by one or more firms ("remarketing firms") acting as principals for their own accounts or as our agents. We will identify any remarketing firm and describe the terms of our agreement with it, if any, including its compensation, in the applicable prospectus supplement. Remarketing firms may be deemed to be underwriters in connection with the securities remarketed by them. We may agree to indemnify remarketing firms against civil liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act of 1933, incurred by them in connection with their services to us, and they may be customers of, engage in transactions with or perform services for us in the ordinary course of business.
We may authorize dealers acting as our agents to solicit offers by institutions to purchase the securities from us at the public offering price set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement pursuant to delayed delivery contracts. These contracts will provide for payment and delivery on the date or dates stated in the prospectus supplement. Each contract will be for an amount not less than,
40
and the aggregate principal amount of the securities sold pursuant to these contracts will be equal to, the respective amounts stated in the applicable prospectus supplement. Institutions with whom dealers may make these arrangements include commercial and savings banks, insurance companies, pension funds, investment companies, and educational and charitable institutions. In all cases, these arrangements will be subject to our approval. These contracts will not be subject to any conditions except:
Some of the underwriters and their affiliates may be customers of, engage in transactions with and perform services for, us in the ordinary course of business.
Under the securities laws of some states, the securities offered by this prospectus may be sold in those states only through registered or licensed brokers or dealers.
Any person participating in the distribution of securities registered under the registration statement that includes this prospectus will be subject to applicable provisions of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the applicable SEC rules and regulations, including, among others, Regulation M, which may limit the timing of purchases and sales of our securities by any such person. Furthermore, Regulation M may restrict the ability of any person engaged in the distribution of our securities to engage in market-making activities with respect to our common stock. These restrictions may affect the marketability of our common stock and the ability of any person or entity to engage in market-making activities with respect to our common stock.
Certain persons participating in the offering may engage in over-allotment, stabilizing transactions, short-covering transactions and penalty bids in accordance with Regulation M under the Exchange Act that stabilize, maintain or otherwise affect the price of the offered securities.
The financial statements and financial statement schedules of The Macerich Company for the year ended December 31, 2002 incorporated in this prospectus by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K dated July 14, 2003 of The Macerich Company, except as they relate to SDG Macerich Properties, L.P., have been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, independent accountants, and, insofar as they relate to SDG Macerich Properties, L.P., by KPMG LLP, independent accountants, whose reports thereon appear in the Form 8-K and in the Annual Report on Form 10-K of The Macerich Company, respectively. Such financial statements have been so incorporated in reliance on the reports of such independent accountants given on the authority of such firms as experts in auditing and accounting.
The financial statements of Pacific Premier Retail Trust incorporated in this prospectus by reference to the Annual Report on Form 10-K of The Macerich Company for the year ended December 31, 2002 have been so incorporated in reliance on the report of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, independent accountants, given on the authority of said firm as experts in auditing and accounting.
The balance sheets of SDG Macerich Properties, L.P. as of December 31, 2002 and 2001 and the related statements of operations, cash flows and partners' equity for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2002, and the related financial statement schedule (Schedule III), have been incorporated by reference herein and in the registration statement by reference to our Annual
41
Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2002, in reliance upon the report of KPMG LLP, independent accountants, and incorporated by reference herein and upon the authority of said firm as experts in accounting and auditing. The audit report covering the December 31, 2002 financial statements contains an explanatory paragraph that states that SDG Macerich Properties, L.P. changed its method of accounting for overage rents in 2000.
The consolidated financial statements of Westcor Realty Limited Partnership at December 31, 2001 and 2000, and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2001, appearing in our Current Report on Form 8-K/A Amendment No. 1 filed on October 2, 2002 have been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, independent auditors, as set forth in their report thereon included therein and incorporated herein by reference, and are included in reliance upon such report given on the authority of such firm as experts in accounting and auditing.
O'Melveny & Myers LLP will pass on legal matters relating to certain tax matters for us. Venable LLP will pass on legal matters relating to the validity of the securities being offered hereby. O'Melveny & Myers LLP has in the past represented and is currently representing us and some of our affiliates.
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION
We have filed our registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC under the Securities Act of 1933 with respect to the securities being offered by this prospectus. The registration statement and the exhibits to the registration statement contain more information than this prospectus does. You may read and copy any document that we file with the SEC, including the registration statement and the exhibits to the registration statement, at the SEC's public reference facility at:
Securities
and Exchange Commission
Room 1024
450 Fifth Street, N.W.
Washington D.C. 20549
Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information. Our SEC filings are also available to the public at the SEC's web site at www.sec.gov.
We file annual, quarterly and special reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. You may read and copy these reports, proxy statements and other information at the SEC's public reference room listed above, or through the web site listed above. In addition, you may inspect and copy reports, proxy statements and other information about us at the offices of the New York Stock Exchange, Inc. at 20 Broad Street, New York, New York 10005.
The SEC allows us to "incorporate by reference" in this prospectus the information we file with it, which means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to those documents. The information incorporated by reference is considered to be part of this prospectus, and later information filed with the SEC will update and supercede the information included or incorporated by reference in this prospectus. We incorporate by reference in this prospectus the following information:
42
We also incorporate by reference any future filings we may make with the SEC under Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 until this offering is completed.
You may request a copy of these filings, at no cost, by writing or telephoning us at the following address:
Corporate
Secretary
The Macerich Company
401 Wilshire Boulevard, No. 700
Santa Monica, California 90401
Telephone: (310) 394-6000
43
PART II
INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN THE PROSPECTUS
ITEM 14. OTHER EXPENSES OF ISSUANCE AND DISTRIBUTION
Our estimated expenses in connection with the registration and sale of the securities are as follows:
SEC registration fee | $ | 24,270 | |
Printing and duplicating expenses | 80,000 | ||
Legal fees and expenses | 90,000 | ||
Accounting fees and expenses | 45,000 | ||
Transfer agent fees and expenses | 16,000 | ||
Blue sky fees and expenses | 15,000 | ||
Miscellaneous expenses | 29,730 | ||
Total | $ | 300,000 | |
ITEM 15. INDEMNIFICATION OF DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS
The Maryland General Corporation Law permits a corporation formed in Maryland to include in its charter a provision limiting the liability of its directors and officers to the corporation and its stockholders for money damages except for liability resulting from (1) active and deliberate dishonesty which is established by a final judgment and is material to that cause of action, or (2) actual receipt of an improper benefit or profit in money, property or services. Our charter has incorporated a provision that limits the liability of our directors and officers to us and to our stockholders for money damages to the fullest extent permitted by the Maryland General Corporation Law.
Our charter requires us to indemnify our present and former officers and directors, whether serving us or at our request another entity, to the maximum extent permitted under Maryland law, and to pay or reimburse reasonable expenses in advance of the final disposition of the proceeding to the maximum extent permitted from time to time by the laws of Maryland. Our charter provides that the indemnification rights are non-exclusive of any other rights to which those seeking indemnification may be entitled. The Maryland General Corporation Law permits a corporation to indemnify its present and former directors and officers, among others, against judgments, penalties, fines, settlements and reasonable expenses actually incurred by them in connection with any proceeding to which they may be made a party by reason of their service in those or other capacities unless it is established that (1) the act or omission of the director or officer was material to the matter giving rise to the proceeding and (a) was committed in bad faith, or (b) was the result of active and deliberate dishonesty; (2) the director or officer actually received an improper personal benefit in money, property or services; or (3) in the case of any criminal proceeding, the director or officer had reasonable cause to believe that the act or omission was unlawful. In addition, the Maryland General Corporation Law requires us, as conditions to advancing expenses, to obtain (1) a written affirmation by the director or officer of his or her good faith belief that he or she has met the standard of conduct necessary for indemnification by us and (2) a written undertaking by him or her or on his or her behalf to repay the amount paid or reimbursed by us if it is ultimately determined that the standard of conduct was not met. The Maryland General Corporation Law requires a corporation (unless its charter provides otherwise, which our charter does not) to indemnify a director or officer who has been successful, on the merits or otherwise, in the defense of any proceeding to which he or she is made a party by reason of his or her service in that capacity. However, under the Maryland General Corporation Law, a Maryland corporation may not indemnify for an adverse judgment in a suit by or in the right of the corporation or for a judgment of liability on the basis that a personal benefit was improperly received unless, in
II-1
either case, a court orders indemnification and then only for expenses. Our bylaws specify the procedures for indemnification and advance of expenses.
The Partnership Agreement of the operating partnership also provides for indemnification of us and our officers and directors similar to that provided to our officers and directors in the charter, and includes limitations on the liability of our Company and our officers and directors to the operating partnership and its partners similar to those contained in the charter.
We and the operating partnership have entered into indemnification agreements with certain of our executive officers and directors. The indemnification agreements require, among other things, that we and the operating partnership indemnify those executive officers and directors to the fullest extent permitted by law, and advance to them all related reasonable expenses, subject to certain defenses. We and the operating partnership must also indemnify and advance all expenses incurred by those executive officers and directors seeking to enforce their rights under the indemnification agreements, and cover them under our directors' and officers' liability insurance. Although this form of indemnification agreement offers substantially the same scope of coverage afforded by provisions in our charter and our bylaws and the Partnership Agreement of the operating partnership, it provides greater assurance to directors and officers that indemnification will be available, because, as a contract, it cannot be modified unilaterally in the future by the Board of Directors, by the stockholders or by the partners of the operating partnership to eliminate the rights it provides.
EXHIBIT NUMBER |
DESCRIPTION |
|
---|---|---|
4.1 | Articles of Amendment and Restatement (filed as Exhibit 3.2 to our Registration Statement on Form S-11, as amended (No. 33-68964), and incorporated herein by reference) | |
4.2 |
Articles Supplementary (filed as Exhibit 4.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K, event date May 30, 1995, and incorporated herein by reference) |
|
4.3 |
Articles Supplementary (Series A Preferred Stock) (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K, event date February 25, 1998, and incorporated herein by reference) |
|
4.4 |
Articles Supplementary (Series B Preferred Stock) (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K, event date June 17, 1998, and incorporated herein by reference) |
|
4.5 |
Articles Supplementary (Series C Preferred Stock) (filed as Exhibit A to Exhibit 4.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K, event date November 10, 1998, and incorporated herein by reference) |
|
4.6 |
Articles Supplementary (Series D Preferred Stock) (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K, event date July 26, 2002, and incorporated herein by reference) |
|
4.7 |
Articles Supplementary (Reclassification of Shares) effective May 20, 2002 (filed as Exhibit 4.6 to our Registration Statement on Form S-3, as amended (No. 333-88718), and incorporated herein by reference) |
|
4.8 |
Amended and Restated Bylaws |
|
4.9 |
Agreement dated as of November 10, 1998 between the Registrant and Equiserve Trust Company, N.A., as successor to First Chicago Trust Company of New York, as Rights Agent (filed as Exhibit 4.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K, event date November 10, 1998, and incorporated herein by reference) |
|
II-2
4.10 |
Form of Common Stock Certificate (filed as Exhibit 4.3 to our Amendment to Current Report on Form 8-K/A, event date November 10, 1998, and incorporated herein by reference) |
|
4.11 |
Form of Rights Certificate (filed as Exhibit B to Exhibit 4.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K, event date November 10, 1998, and incorporated herein by reference) |
|
5.1 |
Opinion of Venable LLP regarding the legality of the securities |
|
8.1 |
Opinion of O'Melveny & Myers LLP regarding certain tax matters |
|
12.1 |
Statement re computation of ratios |
|
23.1 |
Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP |
|
23.2 |
Consent of KPMG LLP |
|
23.3 |
Consent of Ernst & Young LLP |
|
23.4 |
Consent of Venable LLP (contained in Exhibit 5.1) |
|
23.5 |
Consent of O'Melveny & Myers LLP (contained in Exhibit 8.1) |
|
24.1 |
Power of Attorney (contained on page II-5) |
The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes:
(1) To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this Registration Statement:
(i) To include any prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act of 1933;
(ii) To reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the Registration Statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the Registration Statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the SEC pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than a 20 percent change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the "Calculation of Registration Fee" table in the effective Registration Statement; and
(iii) To include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the Registration Statement or any material change to such information in the Registration Statement;
(2) That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each such post-effective amendment will be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time will be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof; and
(3) To remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering.
II-3
The undersigned registrant hereby further undertakes:
(1) That for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each filing of the registrant's annual report pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act (and, where applicable, each filing of an employee benefit plan's annual report pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act) that is incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof;
(2) Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question of whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue;
(3) That, for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, the information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of this Registration Statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in a form of prospectus filed by the registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(1) or (4) or 497(h) under the Securities Act will be deemed to be part of this Registration Statement as of the time it was declared effective; and
(4) That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus will be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time will be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.
II-4
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the Registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all the requirements for filing on Form S-3 and has duly caused this Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Santa Monica, State of California, on October 15, 2003.
THE MACERICH COMPANY | ||||
By: | /s/ RICHARD A. BAYER Richard A. Bayer Executive Vice President, General Counsel And Secretary |
We, the undersigned directors and officers of The Macerich Company, and each of us, do hereby constitute and appoint Mace Siegel, Dana K. Anderson, Arthur M. Coppola, Thomas E. O'Hern and Richard A. Bayer, or any one of them, our true and lawful attorneys and agents, each with power of substitution, to do any and all acts and things in our name and on our behalf in our capacities as directors and officers and to execute any and all instruments for us and in our names in the capacities indicated above, which said attorneys and agents, or any one of them, may deem necessary or advisable to enable said corporation to comply with the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and any rules, regulations, and requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission, in connection with this Registration Statement, including specifically but without limitation, power and authority to sign for us and any of us in our names in the capacities indicated below, any and all amendments (including post-effective amendments) hereto; and we do hereby ratify and confirm all that the said attorneys and agents, or their substitute or substitutes, or any one of them, shall do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this Registration Statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities indicated, effective as of October 15, 2003.
Signature |
Title |
|
---|---|---|
/s/ MACE SIEGEL Mace Siegel |
Chairman of the Board of Directors | |
/s/ DANA K. ANDERSON Dana K. Anderson |
Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors |
|
/s/ ARTHUR M. COPPOLA Arthur M. Coppola |
President and Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer) |
|
/s/ EDWARD C. COPPOLA Edward C. Coppola |
Executive Vice President and Director |
|
II-5
/s/ JAMES S. COWNIE James S. Cownie |
Director |
|
/s/ FRED S. HUBBELL Fred S. Hubbell |
Director |
|
Stanley A. Moore |
Director |
|
/s/ DR. WILLIAM P. SEXTON Dr. William P. Sexton |
Director |
|
/s/ DIANA L. LAING Diana L. Laing |
Director |
|
/s/ THOMAS E. O'HERN Thomas E. O'Hern |
Executive Vice President, Treasurer and Chief Financial and Accounting Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) |
II-6
EXHIBIT NUMBER |
DESCRIPTION |
|
---|---|---|
4.1 | Articles of Amendment and Restatement (filed as Exhibit 3.2 to our Registration Statement on Form S-11, as amended (No. 33-68964), and incorporated herein by reference) | |
4.2 |
Articles Supplementary (filed as Exhibit 4.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K, event date May 30, 1995, and incorporated herein by reference) |
|
4.3 |
Articles Supplementary (Series A Preferred Stock) (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K, event date February 25, 1998, and incorporated herein by reference) |
|
4.4 |
Articles Supplementary (Series B Preferred Stock) (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K, event date June 17, 1998, and incorporated herein by reference) |
|
4.5 |
Articles Supplementary (Series C Preferred Stock) (filed as Exhibit A to Exhibit 4.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K, event date November 10, 1998, and incorporated herein by reference) |
|
4.6 |
Articles Supplementary (Series D Preferred Stock) (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K, event date July 26, 2002, and incorporated herein by reference) |
|
4.7 |
Articles Supplementary (Reclassification of Shares) effective May 20, 2002 (filed as Exhibit 4.6 to our Registration Statement on Form S-3, as amended (No. 333-88718), and incorporated herein by reference) |
|
4.8 |
Amended and Restated Bylaws |
|
4.9 |
Agreement dated as of November 10, 1998 between the Registrant and Equiserve Trust Company, N.A., as successor to First Chicago Trust Company of New York, as Rights Agent (filed as Exhibit 4.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K, event date November 10, 1998, and incorporated herein by reference) |
|
4.10 |
Form of Common Stock Certificate (filed as Exhibit 4.3 to our Amendment to Current Report on Form 8-K/A, event date November 10, 1998, and incorporated herein by reference) |
|
4.11 |
Form of Rights Certificate (filed as Exhibit B to Exhibit 4.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K, event date November 10, 1998, and incorporated herein by reference) |
|
5.1 |
Opinion of Venable LLP regarding the legality of the securities |
|
8.1 |
Opinion of O'Melveny & Myers LLP regarding certain tax matters |
|
12.1 |
Statement re computation of ratios |
|
23.1 |
Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP |
|
23.2 |
Consent of KPMG LLP |
|
23.3 |
Consent of Ernst & Young LLP |
|
23.4 |
Consent of Venable LLP (contained in Exhibit 5.1) |
|
23.5 |
Consent of O'Melveny & Myers LLP (contained in Exhibit 8.1) |
|
24.1 |
Power of Attorney (contained on page II-5) |
THE MACERICH COMPANY
BY-LAWS
(Amended and Restated October 8, 2003)
SECTION 1.01. Annual Meeting. The corporation shall hold an annual meeting of its stockholders to elect directors and transact any other business within its powers, either at 10:00 a.m. on the first Tuesday of May in each year if not a legal holiday, or at such other time on such other day falling on or before the 30th day thereafter as shall be set by the Board of Directors. Except as the Charter or statute provides otherwise, any business may be considered at an annual meeting without the purpose of the meeting having been specified in the notice. Failure to hold an annual meeting does not invalidate the Corporation's existence or affect any otherwise valid corporate acts.
SECTION 1.02. Special Meeting. (a) The President, the Chairman of the Board or the Board of Directors may call a special meeting of the stockholders. A special meeting of the stockholders shall also be called by the Secretary of the Corporation upon the written request of stockholders entitled to cast not less than a majority of all votes entitled to be cast at such meeting. Such request shall state the purpose of the meeting and the matters proposed to be acted on at such meeting.
(b) In order that the Corporation may determine the stockholders entitled to request a special meeting, the Board of Directors may fix a record date to determine the stockholders entitled to make such a request (the "Request Record Date"). The Request Record Date shall not precede the close of business on the date upon which the resolution fixing the Request Record Date is adopted by the Board of Directors and shall not be more than 10 days after the date upon which the resolution fixing the Request Record Date is adopted by the Board of Directors. Any stockholder of record seeking to have stockholders request a special meeting shall, by sending written notice to the Secretary of the Corporation by certified or registered mail, return receipt requested, request the Board of Directors to fix a Request Record Date. Unless the Board of Directors shall, within 10 days after the date on which a valid request to fix a Request Record Date is received, adopt a resolution fixing the Request Record Date and make a public announcement of such Request Record Date, the Request Record Date shall be the close of business on the 10th day after the first date on which a valid written request to set a Request Record Date is received by the Secretary. To be valid, such written request shall set forth the purpose or purposes for which the special meeting is requested, shall be signed by one or more stockholders of record (or their duly authorized proxies or other representatives), shall bear the date of signature of each such stockholder (or proxy or other representative) and shall set forth all information relating to such stockholder that is required to be disclosed in solicitations of proxies for election of directors in an election contest, or is otherwise required, in each case pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), and Rule 14a-11 thereunder.
(c) In order for a stockholder or stockholders to request a special meeting, a written request or requests for a special meeting signed by the holders of record as of the Request Record Date of at least a majority of the issued and outstanding shares of stock that would be entitled to vote at such a meeting must be delivered to the Corporation. To be valid, each written request by a stockholder for a special meeting shall set forth the specific purpose or purposes for which the special meeting is requested (which purpose or purposes shall be limited to the purpose or purposes set forth in the written request to set a Request Record Date received by the Corporation pursuant to paragraph (b) of this Section 1.02), shall be signed by one or more persons who as of the Request Record Date are stockholders of record (or their duly authorized proxies or other representatives), shall bear the date of signature of each such stockholder (or
proxy or other representative), and shall set forth the name and address, as they appear in the Corporation's books, of each stockholder signing such request and the class and number of shares of stock of the Corporation which are owned of record and beneficially by each such stockholder, shall be sent to the Secretary by certified or registered mail, return receipt requested, and shall be received by the Secretary within 60 days after the Request Record Date.
(d) The Secretary of the Corporation shall inform the stockholder or stockholders requesting a special meeting (each, a "Requesting Stockholder") of the reasonably estimated cost of holding the special meeting, including the costs of preparing and mailing proxy materials for the Corporation's own solicitation. The Corporation shall not be required to call a special meeting upon stockholder request unless, in addition to the documents required by paragraph (c) of this Section 1.02, the Secretary receives payment of such reasonably estimated cost of holding the special meeting from the Requesting Stockholders. If each of the resolutions introduced by any Requesting Stockholder at such meeting is adopted, and each of the individuals nominated by or on behalf of any Requesting Stockholder for election as a director at such meeting is elected, then the Corporation shall refund to the Requesting Stockholders the amount of such reasonably estimated cost.
(e) Except as provided in the following sentence, any special meeting shall be held at such place, hour and day as may be designated by whichever of the President, Chairman or the Secretary shall have called such meeting. In the case of any special meeting called by the President, Chairman or by the Secretary upon the request of stockholders (a "Request Special Meeting"), such meeting shall be held at such place, hour and day as may be designated by the Board of Directors; provided, however, that the date of any Request Special Meeting shall be not more than 60 days after the Meeting Record Date (as defined in Section 1.08); and provided further that in the event that the directors then in office fail to designate an hour and date for a Request Special Meeting within 10 days after the date that valid written requests for such meeting by the holders of record as of the Request Record Date of at least a majority of the issued and outstanding shares of stock that would be entitled to vote at such meeting are delivered to the Corporation (the "Delivery Date"), then such meeting shall be held at 2:00 p.m. local time on the 90th day after the Delivery Date or, if such 90th day is not a Business Day (as defined below), on the first preceding Business Day; and provided further that in the event that the directors then in office fail to designate a place for a Request Special Meeting within 10 days after the Delivery Date, then such meeting shall be held at the principal executive offices of the Corporation. In fixing a date for any special meeting, the Chairman, the Secretary or the Board of Directors may consider such factors as he or it deems relevant within the good faith exercise of his or its business judgment, including, without limitation, the nature of the action proposed to be taken, the facts and circumstances surrounding any request of such meeting, and any plan of the Board of Directors to call an annual meeting or a special meeting for the conduct of related business.
(f) The Corporation may engage regionally or nationally recognized independent inspectors of elections to act as an agent of the Corporation for the purpose of promptly performing a ministerial review of the validity of any purported written request or requests for a special meeting received by the Secretary. For the purpose of permitting the inspectors to perform such review, no purported request shall be deemed to have been delivered to the Corporation until the earlier of (i) 5 Business Days following receipt by the Secretary of such purported request and (ii) such date as the independent inspectors certify to the Corporation that the valid requests received by the Secretary represent at least a majority of the issued and outstanding shares of stock that would be entitled to vote at such meeting. Nothing contained in this paragraph (f) shall in any way be construed to suggest or imply that the Board of Directors or any stockholder shall not be entitled to contest the validity of any request, whether during or after such 5 Business Day period, or to
2
take any other action (including, without limitation, the commencement, prosecution or defense of any litigation with respect thereto, and the seeking of injunctive relief in such litigation).
(g) For purposes of this By-Law, "Business Day" shall mean any day other than a Saturday, a Sunday or a day on which banking institutions in the State of California are authorized or obligated by law or executive order to close.
SECTION 1.03. Place of Meetings. Meetings of stockholders shall be held at such place in the United States as is set from time to time by the Board of Directors.
SECTION 1.04. Notice of Meetings; Waiver of Notice. Not less than ten or more than 90 days before each stockholders' meeting, the Secretary shall give written notice of the meeting to each stockholder entitled to vote at the meeting and each other stockholder entitled to notice of the meeting. The notice shall state the time and place of the meeting and, if the meeting is a special meeting or notice of the purpose is required by statute, the purpose of the meeting. Notice is given to a stockholder when it is personally delivered to him, left at his residence or usual place of business, or mailed to him at his address as it appears on the records of the Corporation. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions, each person who is entitled to notice waives notice if he before or after the meeting signs a waiver of the notice which is filed with the records of stockholders' meetings, or in present at the meeting in person or by proxy.
SECTION 1.05. Quorum; Voting. Unless statute or the Charter provides otherwise, at a meeting of stockholders the presence in person or by proxy of stockholders entitled to cast a majority of all the votes entitled to be cast at the meeting constitutes a quorum, and a majority of all the votes cast at a meeting at which a quorum is present is sufficient to approve any matter which properly comes before the meeting, except that a plurality of all the votes cast at a meeting at which a quorum is present is sufficient to elect a director.
SECTION 1.06. Adjournments. Whether or not a quorum is present, a meeting of stockholders convened on the date for which it was called may be adjourned from time to time without further notice by a majority vote of the stockholders present in person or by proxy to a date not more then 120 days after the original record date. Any business which might have been transacted at the meeting as originally notified may be deferred and transacted at any such adjourned meeting at which a quorum shall be prevent.
SECTION 1.07. General Right to Vote; Proxies. Unless the Charter provides for a greater or lesser number of votes per share or limits or denies voting rights, each outstanding share of stock, regardless of class, is entitled to one vote on each matter submitted to a vote at a meeting of stockholders. In all elections for directors, each share of stock may be voted for as many individuals as there are directors to be elected and for whose election the share is entitled to be voted. A stockholder may vote the stock he owns of record either in person or by written proxy signed by the stockholder or by his duly authorized attorney in fact. Unless a proxy provides otherwise, it is not valid more than 11 months after its date.
SECTION 1.08. Fixing of Record Date; List of Stockholders. The Board of Directors may fix, in advance, a record date not less than 10 nor more than 90 days before the date then fixed for the holding of any meeting of the stockholders. The record date shall not be prior to the close of business on the day the record date is fixed. All persons who were holders of record of shares at such time, and no others, shall be entitled to vote at such meeting and any adjournment thereof. In the case of any Request Special Meeting, (i) the record date for such meeting ("Meeting Record Date") shall not be later than the close of business on the 30th day after the Delivery Date and (ii) if the Board of Directors fails to fix the Meeting Record Date within 30 days after the Delivery Date, then the close of business on such 30th day shall be the Meeting Record Date. At each meeting of stockholders, a full, true and complete list of all stockholders entitled to vote at such meeting, showing the number and
3
class of shares held by each and certified by the transfer agent for such class or by the Secretary, shall be furnished by the Secretary.
SECTION 1.09. Conduct of Business and Voting. At all meetings of stockholders, unless the voting in conducted by inspectors, the proxies and ballots shall be received, and all questions touching the qualification of voters and the validity of proxies, the acceptance or rejection of votes and procedures for the conduct of business not otherwise specified by these By-Laws, the Charter or law, shall be decided or determined by the chairman of the meeting. If demanded by stockholders, present in person or by proxy, entitled to cast 10% in number of votes entitled to be cast, or if ordered by the chairman, the vote upon any election or question shall be taken by ballot and, upon like demand or order, the voting shall be conducted by two inspectors, in which event the proxies and ballots shall be received, and all questions touching the qualification of voters and the validity of proxies and the acceptance or rejection of votes shall be decided, by such inspectors. Unless so demanded or ordered, no vote need be by ballot and voting need not be conducted by inspectors. The stockholders at any meeting may choose an inspector or inspectors to act at such meeting, and in default of such election the chairman of the meeting may appoint an inspector or inspectors. No candidate for election as a director at a meeting shall serve as an inspector thereat.
SECTION 1.10. Informal Action by Stockholders. Any action required or permitted to be taken at a meeting of stockholders may be taken without a meeting if there is filed with the records of stockholders meetings an unanimous written consent which sets forth the action and is signed by each stockholder entitled to vote on the matter and a written waiver of any right to dissent signed by each stockholder entitled to notice of the meeting but not entitled to vote at it.
SECTION 1.11. Notice of Stockholder Business and Nominations.
(a) Annual Meetings of Stockholders. (1) Nominations of persons for election to the Board of Directors of the Corporation and the proposal of business to be considered by the stockholders may be made at an annual meeting of stockholders (A) pursuant to the Corporation's notice of meeting, (B) by or at the direction of the Board of Directors, or (C) by any stockholder of the Corporation who was a stockholder of record at the time of giving of notice provided for in this By-Law, who is entitled to vote at the meeting and who complies with the notice procedures set forth in this By-Law.
(2) For nominations or other business to be properly brought before an annual meeting by a stockholder pursuant to clause (C) of paragraph (a)(1) of this By-Law, the stockholder must have given timely notice thereof in writing to the Secretary of the Corporation and such other business must be a proper matter for stockholder action. To be timely, a stockholder's notice shall be delivered to the Secretary at the principal executive offices of the Corporation not later than the close of business on the 60th day nor earlier than the close of business on the 90th day prior to the first anniversary of the preceding year's annual meeting; provided, however, that in the event that the date of the annual meeting is more than 30 days before or more than 60 days after such anniversary date, notice by the stockholder to be timely must be so delivered not earlier than the close of business on the 90th day prior to such annual meeting and not later than the close of business on the later of the 60th day prior to such annual meeting or the 10th day following the day on which public announcement of the date of such meeting is first made. In no event shall the public announcement of a postponement or adjournment of an annual meeting commence a new time period for the giving of a stockholder's notice as described above. Such stockholder's notice shall set forth (A) as to each person whom the stockholder proposes to nominate for election or reelection as a director all information relating to such person that is required to be disclosed in solicitations of proxies for election of directors in an election contest, or is otherwise required, in each case pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act and Rule 14a-11 thereunder
4
(including such person's written consent to being named in the proxy statement as a nominee and to serving as a director if elected); (B) as to any other business that the stockholder proposes to bring before the meeting, a brief description of the business desired to be brought before the meeting, the reasons for conducting such business at the meeting and any material interest in such business of such stockholder and the beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the proposal is made; and (C) as to the stockholder giving the notice and the beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the nomination or proposal is made (i) the name and address of such stockholder, as they appear on the Corporation's books, and of such beneficial owner and (ii) the class and number of shares of stock of the Corporation which are owned beneficially and of record by such stockholder and such beneficial owner.
(3) Notwithstanding anything in the second sentence of paragraph (a)(2) of this By-Law to the contrary, in the event that the number of directors to be elected to the Board of Directors of the Corporation is increased and there is no public announcement naming all of the nominees for director or specifying the size of the increased Board of Directors made by the Corporation at least 70 days prior to the first anniversary of the preceding year's annual meeting, a stockholder's notice required by this By-Law shall also be considered timely, but only with respect to nominees for any new positions created by such increase, if it shall be delivered to the secretary at the principal executive offices of the Corporation not later than the close of business on the 10th day following the day on which such public announcement is first made by the Corporation.
(b) Special Meetings of Stockholders. Only such business shall be conducted at a special meeting of stockholders as shall have been specifically designated in the Corporation's notice of meeting. Nominations of persons for election to the Board of Directors may be made at a special meeting of stockholders at which directors are to be elected pursuant to the Corporation's notice of meeting (A) by or at the direction of the Board of Directors or (B) by any stockholder of the Corporation who is a stockholder of record at the time of giving of notice provided for in this By-Law, who is entitled to vote at the meeting and who complies with the notice procedures set forth in this By-Law. In the event the Corporation calls a special meeting of stockholders for the purpose of electing one or more directors to the Board of Directors, any such stockholder may nominate a person or persons (as the case may be) for election to such position(s) as specified in the Corporation's notice of meeting, if the stockholder's notice required by paragraph (a)(2) of this By-Law shall be delivered to the Secretary of the Corporation at the principal executive offices of the Corporation not earlier than the close of business on the 90th day prior to such special meeting and not later than the close of business on the later of the 60th day prior to such special meeting or the 10th day following the day on which public announcement is first made of the date of the special meeting and of the nominees proposed by the Board of Directors to be elected at such meeting. In no event shall the public announcement of a postponement or adjournment of a special meeting commence a new time period for the giving of a stockholder's notice as described above.
(c) General. (1) Only such persons who are nominated in accordance with the procedures set forth in this By-Law shall be eligible to serve as directors and only such business shall be conducted at a meeting of stockholders as shall have been brought before the meeting in accordance with the procedures set forth in this By-Law (and Section 1.02 with regard to stockholder requests). Except as otherwise specifically required by law, the chairman of the meeting shall have the exclusive power and duty to determine whether a nomination or any business proposed to be brought before the meeting was made, or proposed, as the case may be, in accordance with the procedures set forth in this By-Law and, if any proposed nomination or business is not in compliance with this By-Law, to declare that such defective proposal or nomination shall be disregarded.
5
(2) For purposes of this By-Law, "public announcement" shall mean disclosure in a press release reported by the Dow Jones News Service, Associated Press or comparable national news service or in a document publicly filed by the Corporation with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Section 13, 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act.
(3) Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this By-Law, a stockholder shall also comply with all applicable requirements of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder with respect to the matters set forth in this By-Law. Nothing in this By-Law shall be deemed to affect any rights of (i) stockholders to request inclusion of proposals in, or the Corporation to omit proposals from, the Corporation's proxy statement pursuant to Rule 14a-8 under the Exchange Act or (ii) the holders of any series of preferred stock to elect directors in accordance with the terms of such stock as set forth in the charter of the Corporation.
ARTICLE II.
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
SECTION 2.01. Function of Directors. The business and affairs of the Corporation shall be managed under the direction of its Board of Directors. All powers of the Corporation may be exercised by or under authority of the Board of Directors, except as conferred on or reserved to the stockholders by statute or by the Charter or By-Laws.
SECTION 2.02. Number of Directors. The Corporation shall have nine directors. The fact that less than nine directors are in office at any time (whether by death, resignation or otherwise) shall not prevent action by the Board of Directors in accordance with Section 2.09 (for purposes of determining a quorum, the entire Board of Directors shall be deemed to consist of nine). This By-Law may be amended from time to time in accordance with Section 8.07, but no subsequent amendment reducing the number of directors shall affect the tenure of office of any director in office at the time of such amendment.
SECTION 2.03. Election and Tenure of Directors. The directors shall be divided into classes, as nearly equal in number as possible, with the term of office of the first class to expire at the 1995 annual meeting of stockholders, the term of office of the second class to expire at the 1996 annual meeting of stockholders, and the term of office of the third class to expire at the 1997 annual meeting of stockholders. At each annual meeting of stockholders beginning in 1995, successors to the class of directors whose term expires at that annual meeting shall be elected for a three year term.
SECTION 2.04. Removal of Director. Any director or the entire Board of Directors may be removed only for cause and then only by the affirmative vote of at least 662/3% of the voting power of all the then outstanding shares of stock entitled to vote generally in the election of directors, voting together as a single class.
SECTION 2.05. Vacancy on Board. The stockholders any elect a successor to fill a vacancy on the Board of Directors which results from the removal of a director. A director elected by the stockholders to fill a vacancy which results from the removal of a director serves for the balance of the term of the removed director. A majority of the remaining directors, whether or not sufficient to constitute a quorum, may fill a vacancy on the Board of Directors which results from any cause except an increase in the number of directors. A director elected by the Board of Directors to fill a vacancy serves until the next annual meeting of stockholders and until his successor in elected and qualifies.
SECTION 2.06. Regular Meetings. After each meeting of stockholders at which directors shall have been elected, the Board of Directors shall meet as soon as practicable for the purpose of organization and the transaction of other business. In the event that no other time and place are specified by resolution of the Board, the President or the Chairman, with notice in accordance with
6
Section 2.08, the Board of Directors shall meet immediately following the close of, and at the place of, such stockholders, meeting. Any other regular meeting of the Board of Directors shall be held on such date and at any place as may be designated from time to time by the Board of Directors.
SECTION 2.07. Special Meetings. Special meetings of the Board of Directors may be called at any time by the Chairman of the Board or the President or by a majority of the Board of Directors by vote at a meeting, or in writing with or without a meeting. A special meeting of the Board of Directors shall be held on such date and at any place as may be designated from time to time by the Board of Directors. In the absence of designation such meeting shall be held at such place as may be designated in the call.
SECTION 2.08. Notice of Meeting. Except as provided in Section 2.06, the Secretary shall give notice to each director of each regular and special meeting of the Board of Directors. The notice shall state the time and place of the meeting. Notice is given to a director when it is delivered personally to him, left at his residence or usual place of business, or sent by telegraph, facsimile transmission or telephone, at least 24 hours before the time of the meeting or, in the alternative by mail to his address as it shall appear on the records of the Corporation, at least 72 hours before the time of the meeting. Unless the By-Laws or a resolution of the Board of Directors provides otherwise, the notice need not state the business to be transacted at or the purposes of any regular or special meeting of the Board of Directors. No notice of any meeting of the Board of Directors need be given to any director who attends except where a director attends a meeting for the express purpose of objecting to the transaction of any business because the meeting in not lawfully called or convened, or to any director who, in writing executed and filed with the records of the meeting either before or after the holding thereof, waives such notice. Any meeting of the Board of Directors, regular or special, may adjourn from time to time to reconvene at the same or some other place, and no notice need be given of any such adjourned meeting other than by announcement.
SECTION 2.09. Action by Directors. Unless statute or the Charter or By-Laws requires a greater proportion, the action of a majority of the directors present at a meeting at which a quorum is present is action of the Board of Directors. A majority of the entire Board of Directors shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. In the absence of a quorum, the directors present by majority vote and without notice other than by announcement may adjourn the meeting from time to time until a quorum shall attend. At any such adjourned meeting at which a quorum shall be present, any business may be transacted which might have been transacted at the meeting as originally notified. Any action required or permitted to be taken at a meeting of the Board of Directors may be taken without a meeting, if an unanimous written consent which sets forth the action is signed by each member of the Board and filed with the minutes of proceedings of the Board.
SECTION 2.10. Meeting by Conference Telephone. Members of the Board of Directors may participate in a meeting by means of a conference telephone or similar communications equipment if all persons participating in the meeting can hear each other at the same time. Participation in a meeting by these means constitutes presence in person at a meeting.
SECTION 2.11. Compensation. By resolution of the Board of Directors a fixed sum and expenses, if any, for attendance at each regular or special meeting of the Board of Directors or of committees thereof, and other compensation for their services as such or on committees of the Board of Directors, may be paid to directors. Directors who are full-time employees of the Corporation need not be paid for attendance at meetings of the board or committees thereof for which fees are paid to other directors. A director who serves the Corporation in any other capacity also may receive compensation for such other services, pursuant to a resolution of the directors.
7
SECTION 3.01. Committees. The Board of Directors may appoint from among its members an Executive Committee, an Audit Committee, a Compensation Committee, a Nominating Committee and other committees composed of two or more directors and delegate to these committees any of the powers of the Board of Directors, except the power to declare dividends or other distributions on stock, elect directors, issue stock other than as provided in the next sentence, recommend to the stockholders any action which requires stockholder approval, amend the By-Laws, or approve any merger or share exchange which does not require stockholder approval. The entire Audit Committee and the entire Compensation Committee shall be directors who are independent of management. If the Board of Directors has given general authorization for the issuance of stock, a committee of the Board, in accordance with a general formula or method specified by the Board by resolution or by adoption of a stock option or other plan, may fix the term of stock subject to classification or reclassification and the terms on which any stock may be issued, including all terms and conditions required or permitted to be established or authorized by the Board of Directors.
SECTION 3.02. Committee Procedure. Each committee may fix rules of procedure for its business. A majority of the members of a committee shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business and the act of a majority of those present at a meeting at which a quorum is present shall be the act of the committee. The members of a committee present at any meeting, whether or not they constitute a quorum, may appoint a director to act in the place of an absent member. Any action required or permitted to be taken at a meeting of a committee may be taken without a meeting, if an unanimous written consent which sets forth the action is signed by each member of the committee and filed with the minutes of the committee. The members of a committee may conduct any meeting thereof by conference telephone in accordance with the provisions of Section 2.10.
SECTION 3.03. Emergency. In the event of a state of disaster of sufficient severity to prevent the conduct and management of the affairs and business of the Corporation by its directors and officers as contemplate by the Charter and the By-Laws, any two or more available members of the then incumbent Executive Committee shall constitute a quorum of that Committee for the full conduct and management of the affairs and business of the Corporation in accordance with the provisions of Section 3.01. In the event of the unavailability, at such time, of a minimum of two members of the then incumbent Executive Committee, the available directors shall elect an Executive Committee consisting of any two members of the Board of Directors, whether or not they be officers of the Corporation, which two members shall constitute the Executive Committee for the full conduct and management of the affairs of the Corporation in accordance with the foregoing provisions of this Section. This Section shall be subject to implementation by resolution of the Board of Directors passed from time to time for that purpose, and any provisions of the By-Laws (other than this Section) and any resolutions which are contrary to the provisions of this Section or to the provisions of any such implementary resolutions shall be suspended until it shall be determined by any interim Executive Committee acting under this Section that it shall be to the advantage of the Corporation to resume the conduct and management of its affairs and business under all the other provisions of the By-Laws.
SECTION 4.01. Executive and Other Officers. The Corporation shall have a President, a Secretary, and a Treasurer. It may also have a Chairman of the Board. The Board of Directors shall designate who shall serve as chief executive officer, who shall have general supervision of the business and affairs of the Corporation, and may designate a chief operating officer, who shall have supervision of the operations of the Corporation. In the absence of any designation the Chairman of the Board, if there be one, shall serve as chief executive officer and the President shall serve as chief operating
8
officer. In the absence of the Chairman of the Board, or if there be none, the President shall be the chief executive officer. The same person may hold both offices. The Corporation may also have one or more Vice-Presidents, assistant officers, and subordinate officers as may be established by the Board of Directors. A person may hold more than one office in the Corporation except that no person may serve concurrently as both President and Vice-President of the Corporation. The Chairman of the Board shall be a director; the other officers may be directors.
SECTION 4.02. Chairman of the Board. The Chairman of the Board, if one be elected, shall preside at all meetings of the Board of Directors and of the stockholders at which he shall be present. Unless otherwise specified by the Board of Directors, he shall be the chief executive officer of the Corporation and perform the duties customarily performed by chief executive officers, and may perform any duties of the President. In general, he shall perform all such duties as are from time to time assigned to him by the Board of Directors.
SECTION 4.03. President. Unless otherwise provided by resolution of the Board of Directors, the President, in the absence of the Chairman of the Board, shall preside at all meetings of the Board of Directors and of the stockholders at which he shall be present. Unless otherwise specified by the Board of Directors, the President shall be the chief operating officer of the Corporation and perform the duties customarily performed by chief operating officers. He may sign and execute, in the name of the Corporation, all authorized deeds, mortgages, bonds, contracts or other instruments, except in cases in which the signing and execution thereof shall have been expressly delegated to some other officer or agent of the corporation. In general, he shall perform such other duties usually performed by a president of a corporation and other duties as are from time to time assigned to him by the Board of Directors or the chief executive officer or the Corporation.
SECTION 4.04. Vice-Presidents. The Vice-President or Vice-Presidents, at the request of the chief executive officer or the President, or in the President's absence or during his inability to act, shall perform the duties and exercise the functions of the President, and when so acting shall have the powers of the President. If there be more than one Vice-President, the Board of Directors may determine which one or more of the Vice-Presidents shall perform any of such duties or exercise any of such functions, or if such determination is not made by the Board of Directors, the chief executive officer, or the President may make such determination; otherwise any of the Vice-Presidents may perform any of such duties or exercise any of such functions. The Vice-President or Vice-Presidents shall have such other powers and perform such other duties, and have such additional descriptive designations in their titles (if any), as are from time to time assigned to them by the Board of Directors, the chief executive officer, or the President.
SECTION 4.05. Secretary. The Secretary shall keep the minutes of the meetings of the stockholders, of the Board of Directors and of any committees, in books provided for the purpose; he shall see that all notices are duly given in accordance with the provisions of the By-Laws or as required by law; he shall be custodian of the records of the Corporation; he may witness any document on behalf of the Corporation, the execution of which is duly authorized, see that the corporate seal is affixed where such document in required or desired to be under its seal, and, when so affixed, may attest the same; and, in general, he shall perform all duties incident to the office of a secretary of a corporation, and such other duties as are from time to time assigned to him by the Board of Directors, the chief executive officer, or the President.
SECTION 4.06. Treasurer. The Treasurer shall have charge of and be responsible for all funds, securities, receipts and disbursements of the Corporation, and shall deposit, or cause to be deposited, in the name of the Corporation, all moneys or other valuable affects in such banks, trust companies or other depositories as shall, from time to time, be selected by the Board of Directors; he shall render to the President and to the Board of Directors, whenever requested, an account of the financial condition of the Corporation; and, in general, he shall perform all the duties incident to the office of a treasurer
9
of a corporation, and such other duties as are from time to time assigned to him by the Board of Directors, the chief executive officer, or the President.
SECTION 4.07. Assistant and Subordinate Officers. The assistant and subordinate officers of the Corporation are all officers below the office of Vice-President, Secretary, or Treasurer. The assistant or subordinate officers shall have such duties as are from time to time assigned to them by the Board of Directors, the chief executive officer, or the President.
SECTION 4.08. Election, Tenure and Removal of Officers. The Board of Directors shall elect the officers. The Board of Directors may from time to time authorize any committee or officer to appoint assistant and subordinate officers. Election or appointment of an officer, employee or agent shall not of itself create contract rights. All officers shall be appointed to hold their offices, respectively, during the pleasure of the Board. The Board of Directors (or, as to any assistant or subordinate officer, any committee or officer authorized by the Board) may name an officer at any time. The removal of an officer does not prejudice any of his contract rights. The Board of Directors (or, as to any assistant or subordinate officer, any committee or officer authorized by the Board) may fill a vacancy which occurs in any office for the unexpired portion of the term.
SECTION 4.09. Compensation. The Board of Directors shall have power to fix the salaries and other compensation and remuneration, of whatever kind, of all officers of the Corporation. No officer shall be prevented from receiving such salary by reason of the fact that he is also a director of the Corporation. The Board of Directors may authorize any committee or officer, upon whom the power of appointing assistant and subordinate officers may have been conferred, to fix the salaries, compensation and remuneration of such assistant and subordinate officers.
SECTION 5.01. Conferring Divisional Titles. The Board of Directors may from time to time confer upon any employee of a division of the Corporation the title of President, Vice President. Treasurer or Controller of such division or any other title or titles deemed appropriate, or may authorize the Chairman of the Board or the President to do so. Any such titles so conferred may be discontinued and withdrawn at any time by the Board of Directors, or by the Chairman of the Board or the President if so authorized by the Board of Directors. Any employee of a division designated by such a divisional title shall have the powers and duties with respect to such division as shall be prescribed by the Board of Directors, the Chairman of the Board or the President.
SECTION 5.02. Effect of Divisional Titles. The conferring of divisional titles shall not create an office of the Corporation under Article IV unless specifically designated as such by the Board of Directors; but any person who is an officer of the Corporation may also have a divisional title.
SECTION 6.01. Certificates for Stock. Each stockholder is entitled to certificates which represent and certify the shares of stock he holds in the Corporation. Each stock certificate shall include on its face the name of the Corporation, the name of the stockholder or other person to whom it is issued, and the class of stock and number of shares it represents. It shall be in such form, not inconsistent with law or with the Charter, as shall be approved by the Board of Directors or any officer or officers designated for such purpose by resolution of the Board of Directors. Each stock certificate shall be signed by the Chairman of the Board, the President, or a Vice-President, and countersigned by the Secretary, an Assistant Secretary, the Treasurer, or an Assistant Treasurer. Each certificate may be sealed with the actual corporate seal or a facsimile of it or in any other form and the signatures may be
10
either manual or facsimile signatures. A certificate is valid and may be issued whether or not an officer who signed it is still an officer when it is issued.
SECTION 6.02. Transfers. The Board of Directors shall have power and authority to make such rules and regulations as it may deem expedient concerning the issue, transfer and registration of certificates of stock; and may appoint transfer agents and registrars thereof. The duties of transfer agent and registrar may be combined.
SECTION 6.03. Record Dates and Closing of Transfer Books. The Board of Directors may set a record date or direct that the stock transfer books be closed for a stated period for the purpose of making any proper determination with respect to stockholders, including which stockholders are entitled to notice of a meeting, vote at a meeting, receive a dividend, or be allotted other rights. The record date may not be prior to the close of business on the day the record date is fixed nor, subject to Section 1.06, more than 90 days before the date on which the action requiring the determination will be taken; the transfer books way not be closed for a period longer than 20 days; and, in the case of a meeting of stockholders, the record date or the closing of the transfer books shall be at least ten days before the date of the meeting.
SECTION 6.04. Stock Ledger. The Corporation shall maintain a stock ledger which contains the name and address of each stockholder and the number of shares of stock of each class which the stockholder holds. The stock ledger may be in written form or in any other form, which can be converted within a reasonable time into written form for visual inspection. The original or a duplicate of the stock ledger shall be kept at the offices of a transfer agent for the particular class of stock, or, if none, at the principal office in the State of Maryland or the principal executive offices of the Corporation.
SECTION 6.05. Certification of Beneficial Owners. The Board of Directors may adopt by resolution a procedure by which a stockholder of the Corporation may certify in writing to the Corporation that any shares of stock registered in the name of the stockholder are held for the account of a specified person other than the stockholder. The resolution shall set forth the class of stockholders who may certify; the purpose for which the certification may be made; the form of certification and the information to be contained in it; if the certification is with respect to a record date or closing of the stock transfer books, the time after the record date or closing of the stock transfer books within which the certification must be received by the Corporation; and any other provisions with respect to the procedure which the Board considers necessary or desirable. On receipt of a certification which complies with the procedure adopted by the Board in accordance with this Section, the person specified in the certification is, for the purpose set forth in the certification, the holder of record of the specified stock in place of the stockholder who makes the certification.
SECTION 6.06. Lost Stock Certificates. The Board of Directors of the Corporation may determine the conditions for issuing a new stock certificate in place of one which is alleged to have been lost, stolen, or destroyed, or the Board of Directors may delegate such power to any officer or officers of the Corporation. In their discretion, the Board of Directors or such officer or officers may refuse to issue such new certificate save upon the order of some court having jurisdiction in the premises.
SECTION 7.01. Checks, Drafts, Etc. All checks, drafts and orders for the payment of money, notes and other evidences of indebtedness, issued in the name of the Corporation, shall, unless otherwise provided by resolution of the Board of Directors, be signed by the President, a Vice-President or an Assistant Vice-President and countersigned by the Treasurer, an Assistant Treasurer, the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary.
11
SECTION 7.02. Annual Statement of Affairs. The President or chief accounting officer shall prepare annually a full and correct statement of the affairs of the Corporation, to include a balance sheet and a financial statement of operations for the preceding fiscal year. The statement of affairs shall be submitted at the annual meeting of the stockholders and, within 20 days after the meeting, placed on file at the Corporation's principal office.
SECTION 7.03. Fiscal Year. The fiscal year of the Corporation shall be the twelve calendar months period ending December 31 in each year, unless otherwise provided by the Board of Directors.
SECTION 7.04. Dividends. If declared by the Board of Directors at any meeting thereof, the Corporation may pay dividends on its shares in cash, property, or in shares of the capital stock of the Corporation, unless such dividend is contrary to law or to a restriction contained in the Charter.
SECTION 7.05. Contracts. To the extent permitted by applicable law, and except as otherwise prescribed by the Charter or these By-Laws with respect to certificates for shares, the Board of Directors may authorize any officer, employee, or agent of the Corporation to enter into any contract or execute and deliver any instrument in the name of and on behalf of the Corporation. Such authority may be general or confined to specific instances.
ARTICLE VIII.
SUMMARY PROVISIONS
SECTION 8.01. Books and Records. The Corporation shall keep correct and complete books and records of its accounts and transactions and minutes of the proceedings of its stockholders and Board of Directors and of any executive or other committee when exercising any of the powers of the Board of Directors. The books and records of a Corporation may be in written form or in any other form which can be converted within a reasonable time into written form for visual inspection. Minutes shall be recorded in written form but may be maintained in the form of a reproduction. The original or a certified copy of the By-Laws shall be kept at the principal office of the Corporation.
SECTION 8.02. Corporate Seal. The Board of Directors shall provide a suitable seal, bearing the name of the Corporation, which shall be in the charge of the Secretary. The Board of Directors may authorize one or more duplicate seals and provide for the custody thereof. If the Corporation is required to place its corporate seal to a document, it is sufficient to meet the requirement of any law, rule, or regulation relating to a corporate seal to place the word "Seal" adjacent to the signature of the person authorized to sign the document on behalf of the Corporation.
SECTION 8.03. Bonds. The Board of Directors may require any officer, agent or employee of the Corporation to give a bond to the Corporation, conditioned upon the faithful discharge of his duties, with one or more sureties and in such amount as may be satisfactory to the Board of Directors.
SECTION 8.04. Voting Upon Shares in Other Corporations. Stock of other corporations or associations, registered in the name of the Corporation, may be voted by the President, a Vice-President, or a proxy appointed by either of them. The Board of Directors, however, may by resolution appoint some other person to vote such shares, in which case such person shall be entitled to vote such shares upon the production of a certified copy of such resolution.
SECTION 8.05. Mail. Any notice or other document which is required by these By-Laws to be mailed shall be deposited in the United States mails, postage prepaid.
SECTION 8.06. Execution of Documents. A person who holds more than one office in the Corporation may not act in more than one capacity to execute, acknowledge, or verify an instrument required by law to be executed, acknowledged, or verified by more than one officer.
12
SECTION 8.07. Amendments. In accordance with the Charter, these By-Laws may be repealed, altered, amended or rescinded exclusively by the Board of Directors in accordance with the provisions of these By-Laws.
SECTION 8.08. Control Share Acquisition Act. Notwithstanding any other provision of the Charter or these By-Laws, Title 3, Subtitle 7 of the Corporations and Associations Article of the Annotated Code of Maryland (or any successor statute) shall not apply to any acquisition by any person of shares of stock of the Corporation. This section may be repealed, in whole or in part, at any time, whether before or after an acquisition of control shares and, upon such repeal, may, to the extent provided by any successor By-Law, apply to any prior or subsequent control share acquisition.
SECTION 9.01. Procedure. Any indemnification, or payment, of expenses in advance of the final disposition of any proceeding, shall be made promptly, and in any event within 60 days, upon the written request of the director or officer entitled to seek indemnification (the "Indemnified Party"). The right to indemnification and advances hereunder shall be enforceable by the Indemnified Party in any court of competent jurisdiction, if (i) the Corporation denies such request, in whole or in part, or (ii) no disposition thereof is made within 60 days. The Indemnified Party's costs and expenses incurred in connection with successfully establishing his right to indemnification, in whole or in part, in any such action shall also be reimbursed by the Corporation. It shall be a defense to any action for advance for expenses that (a) a determination has been made that the facts then known to those making the determination would preclude indemnification or (b) the Corporation has not received either (i) an undertaking as required by law to repay such advances in the event it shall ultimately be determined that the standard of conduct has not been met or (ii) a written affirmation by the Indemnified Party of such Indemnified Party's good faith belief that the standard of conduct necessary for indemnification by the Corporation has been met.
SECTION 9.02. Exclusivity, Etc. The indemnification and advance of expenses provided by the Charter and then By-Laws shall not be deemed exclusive of any other rights to which a person seeking indemnification or advance of expenses may be entitled under any law (common or statutory), or any agreement, vote of stockholders or disinterested directors or other provision that is consistent with law, both as to action in his official capacity and as to action in another capacity while holding office or while employed by or acting as agent for the Corporation, shall continue in respect of all events occurring while a person was a director or officer after such person has ceased to be a director or officer, and shall inure to the benefit of the estate, heirs, executors and administrators of such person. All rights to indemnification and advance of expenses under the Charter of the Corporation and hereunder shall be deemed to be a contract between the Corporation and each director or officer of the Corporation who serves or served in such capacity at any time while this By-Law is in effect. Nothing herein shall prevent the amendment of this By-Law, provided that no such amendment shall diminish the rights of any person hereunder with respect to events occurring or claims made before its adoption or as to claims made after its adoption in respect of events occurring before its adoption. Any repeal or modification of this By-Law shall not in any way diminish any rights to indemnification or advance of expenses of such director or officer or the obligations of the Corporation arising hereunder with respect to events occurring, or claims made, while this By-Law or any provision hereof is in force.
SECTION 9.03. Severability; Definitions. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this Article IX shall not affect the enforceability or validity of any other provision hereof. The phrase "this By-Law" in this Article IX means this Article IX in its entirety.
13
[VENABLE LLP LETTERHEAD]
October 15, 2003
The
Macerich Company
401 Wilshire Boulevard
Santa Monica, California 90401
Re: Registration Statement on Form S-3
Ladies and Gentlemen:
We have served as Maryland counsel to The Macerich Company, a Maryland corporation (the "Company"), in connection with certain matters of Maryland law arising out of the registration of up to 12,000,000 shares (the "Shares") of the Company's Preferred Stock, $.01 par value per share (the "Preferred Stock"), having an aggregate initial offering price of up to $300,000,000, covered by the above-referenced Registration Statement and any amendments thereto (the "Registration Statement"), filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "Commission") under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "1933 Act"). Unless otherwise defined herein, capitalized terms used herein shall have the meanings assigned to them in the Registration Statement.
In connection with our representation of the Company, and as a basis for the opinion hereinafter set forth, we have examined originals, or copies certified or otherwise identified to our satisfaction, of the following documents (hereinafter collectively referred to as the "Documents"):
1. The Registration Statement and the related form of prospectus included therein in the form in which it was transmitted to the Commission under the 1933 Act, certified as of a recent date by an officer of the Company;
2. The charter of the Company (the "Charter"), certified as of a recent date by the State Department of Assessments and Taxation of Maryland (the "SDAT");
3. The Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company (the "Bylaws"), certified as of a recent date by an officer of the Company;
4. Resolutions adopted by the Board of Directors of the Company (the "Board of Directors"), relating to the appointment of, and delegation of power to, the Executive Committee of the Board of Directors (the "Executive Committee"), certified as of a recent date by an officer of the Company;
5. Resolutions adopted by the Executive Committee, relating to the authorization and approval of the registration of the Shares, certified as of a recent date by an officer of the Company;
6. A certificate of the SDAT as to the good standing of the Company, dated as of a recent date;
7. A certificate executed by an officer of the Company, dated as of a recent date; and
8. Such other documents and matters as we have deemed necessary or appropriate to express the opinion set forth below, subject to the assumptions, limitations and qualifications stated herein.
In expressing the opinion set forth below, we have assumed the following:
1. Each individual executing any of the Documents, whether on behalf of such individual or any other person, is legally competent to do so.
2. Each individual executing any of the Documents on behalf of a party (other than the Company) is duly authorized to do so.
3. Each of the parties (other than the Company) executing any of the Documents has duly and validly executed and delivered each of the Documents to which such party is a signatory, and such party's obligations set forth therein are legal, valid and binding.
4. All Documents submitted to us as originals are authentic. The form and content of all Documents submitted to us as unexecuted drafts do not differ in any respect relevant to this opinion from the form and content of such Documents as executed and delivered. All Documents submitted to us as certified or photostatic copies conform to the original documents. All signatures on all such Documents are genuine. All public records reviewed or relied upon by us or on our behalf are true and complete. All representations, warranties, statements and information contained in the Documents are true and complete. There has been no oral or written modification of or amendment to any of the Documents, and there has been no waiver of any provision of any of the Documents, by action or omission of the parties or otherwise.
5. The classification, terms and issuance of the Shares to be issued by the Company from time to time will be approved by the Board of Directors, or a duly authorized committee thereof, in accordance with Maryland law and the Charter and Bylaws (with such approval referred to herein as the "Corporate Proceedings").
6. Upon issuance, the total number of shares of Preferred Stock issued and outstanding will not exceed the total number of shares of Preferred Stock that the Company is then authorized to issue under the Charter, and the total number of shares of Preferred Stock of any class or series issued and outstanding will not exceed the total number of shares of Preferred Stock of such class or series that the Company is then authorized to issue under the Charter.
7. None of the Shares will be issued or sold in violation of Article EIGHTH of the Charter.
Based upon the foregoing, and subject to the assumptions, limitations and qualifications stated herein, it is our opinion that:
1. The Company is a corporation duly incorporated and existing under and by virtue of the laws of the State of Maryland and is in good standing with the SDAT.
2. Upon completion of all Corporate Proceedings relating to the Shares, the Shares will be duly authorized and, when and if delivered against payment therefor in accordance with the Corporate Proceedings, will be validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable.
The foregoing opinion is limited to the substantive laws of the State of Maryland and we do not express any opinion herein concerning any other law. We express no opinion as to compliance with the securities (or "blue sky") laws or the real estate syndication laws of the State of Maryland.
We assume no obligation to supplement this opinion if any applicable law changes after the date hereof or if we become aware of any fact that might change the opinion expressed herein after the date hereof.
This opinion is being furnished to you solely for submission to the Securities and Exchange Commission as an exhibit to the Registration Statement.
We hereby consent to the filing of this opinion as an exhibit to the Registration Statement and to the use of the name of our firm therein in the section entitled "Legal Matters" in the Prospectus. In giving this consent, we do not admit that we are within the category of persons whose consent is required by Section 7 of the 1933 Act.
Very truly yours,
/s/ VENABLE LLP
[O'MELVENY & MYERS LLP LETTERHEAD]
October 15, 2003
The
Macerich Company
401 Wilshire Boulevard, Suite 700
Santa Monica, California 90401
Re: Status as a Real Estate Investment Trust ("REIT")
Ladies and Gentlemen:
You have requested our opinion concerning certain federal income tax considerations in connection with the registration by The Macerich Company (the "Company") of shares of its preferred stock, $.01 par value per share ("Preferred Stock"), as more fully described in the Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 15, 2003 (the "Registration Statement," which includes the Prospectus). Capitalized terms used in this letter and not otherwise defined herein have the meanings assigned to such terms in the Prospectus.
The opinion set forth in this letter is based on relevant provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Internal Revenue Code"), Treasury Regulations thereunder (including proposed and temporary Treasury Regulations), and interpretations of the foregoing as expressed in court decisions, administrative determinations, and the legislative history as of the date hereof. These provisions and interpretations are subject to change, which may or may not be retroactive in effect, that might result in modifications of our opinion.
In rendering our opinion we examined such records, certificates, documents and other materials as we considered necessary or appropriate as a basis for such opinion, including the following: (1) the Registration Statement (including the exhibits thereto and all amendments made through the date hereof), (2) the Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of The Macerich Partnership, L.P. (the "Operating Partnership"), (3) the corporate charter of the Company, as supplemented by Articles Supplementary filed with the appropriate State of Maryland authorities on May 30, 1995, (4) the organizational documents of Macerich Management Company, Macerich Property Management Company, LLC, Westcor Partners, LLC and Macerich Westcor Management, LLC (collectively referred to herein as the "Management Companies"), as well as those for Macerich PPR Corp. ("Macerich PPR") and Pacific Premier Retail Trust ("PPRT"), (5) the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for each of the years ended December 31, 1996 through December 31, 2002, (6) the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2003, (7) records required by the Internal Revenue Code and Treasury Regulations relating to stock ownership and fair value of assets, prepared by the Company, Macerich PPR and PPRT, for the year ended December 31, 2002, and (8) such other documents and information provided to us as we deemed relevant to our opinion.
In addition, we have been provided with a certificate, dated October 15, 2003 (the "Officer's Certificate"), executed by a duly appointed officer of the Company, as the corporation which is directly or indirectly serving as (i) the sole corporate general partner of the Operating Partnership and (ii) a general partner of each of the Property Partnerships (as defined in the Officer's Certificate), setting forth certain representations relating to the formation and operation of the Company and its subsidiaries (including Macerich PPR, PPRT, the Operating Partnership and the Property Partnerships).
For purposes of our opinion, we have not made an independent investigation of the facts set forth in such documents, the Officer's Certificate, the partnership agreement for the Operating Partnership, the partnership agreements for the Property Partnerships, or the Prospectus. We have consequently assumed, with your permission, that the information presented in such documents, or otherwise furnished to us, accurately and completely describes all material facts relevant to our opinion. No facts have come to our attention, however, that would cause us to question the accuracy and completeness of such facts, documents, or assumptions in a material way.
We have also assumed for the purposes of this opinion that each of the Company and Macerich PPR is validly organized and duly incorporated under the laws of the State of Maryland, that PPRT is a duly organized and validly existing trust under the laws of the State of Maryland, that the Operating Partnership is a duly organized and validly existing partnership under the laws of the State of Delaware, and that each of the Management Companies and each of the Property Partnerships is a duly organized and a validly existing partnership under the laws of its state of organization.
Based on the foregoing, we are of the opinion that:
1. The Company has qualified for treatment as a real estate investment trust ("REIT") under the Internal Revenue Code for its taxable years ended December 31, 2000, December 31, 2001 and December 31, 2002, and the Company's organization and method of operation will enable it to meet the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT for its taxable year ending December 31, 2003, and to continue to meet such requirements in each taxable year thereafter.
2. The discussion in the Prospectus under the heading "Federal Income Tax Considerations" fairly summarizes the federal income tax considerations that are likely to be material to a holder of Preferred Stock.
The Company's qualification and taxation as a REIT depends upon the Company's ability to meet on a continuing basis, through actual annual operating and other results, the various requirements under the Internal Revenue Code and described in the Prospectus with regard to, among other things, the sources of its gross income, the composition of its assets, the level of its distributions to stockholders and the diversity of its stock ownership. O'Melveny & Myers LLP will not review the Company's compliance with these requirements on a continuing basis. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that the actual results of the operations of the Company, the Operating Partnership and their subsidiaries, the sources of their income, the nature of their assets, the level of the Company's distributions to stockholders and the diversity of its stock ownership for any given taxable year will satisfy the requirements under the Internal Revenue Code for qualification and taxation as a REIT.
For a discussion relating the law to the facts and the legal analysis underlying the opinion set forth in this letter, we incorporate by reference the discussion of federal income tax issues, which we assisted in preparing, in the section of the Prospectus under the heading "Federal Income Tax Considerations."
Other than as expressly stated above, we express no opinion on any issue relating to the Company, Macerich PPR, PPRT, the Operating Partnership, one or more of the Property Partnerships or to any investment therein. Furthermore, we assume no obligation to advise you of any changes in the foregoing subsequent to the date of this letter, and we are not undertaking to update this letter after the date hereof.
This opinion is rendered only to those to whom it is addressed and may not be relied on in connection with any transaction other than the transactions contemplated in this opinion letter. This opinion letter may not be relied on for any other purpose, or relied upon by any other person, firm or corporation for any other purpose, without our prior written consent.
We hereby consent to the filing of this opinion with the Securities and Exchange Commission as an exhibit to the Registration Statement and the use of the name of our firm therein. In giving this consent, we do not admit that we are in the category of persons whose consent is required under Section 7 of the Securities Act of 1933 Act, as amended, or the General Rules and Regulations thereunder.
Respectfully submitted,
/s/ O'MELVENY & MYERS LLP
THE MACERICH COMPANYCONSOLIDATED
HISTORY OF RATIO OF EARNINGS TO COMBINED FIXED CHARGES
EARNINGS TO COMBINED FIXED CHARGES |
Six Months Ended June 30, 2003 |
For the year 2002 |
For the year 2001 |
For the year 2000 |
For the year 1999 |
For the year 1998 |
|||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Earnings: | |||||||||||||||||||||
Income from continuing operations before minority interest, unconsolidated entities, gain (loss) on sale or writedown of assets, extraordinary item and cumulative effect of change in accounting principle | 29,929 | 39,558 | 40,182 | 41,050 | 45,592 | 43,673 | |||||||||||||||
Adjustments: | |||||||||||||||||||||
Gain (loss) on sale or writedown of assets | 8,794 | (3,820 | ) | 24,491 | (2,773 | ) | 95,981 | 9 | |||||||||||||
Loss on early extinguishment of debt | 0 | (3,605 | ) | (2,034 | ) | (304 | ) | (1,478 | ) | (2,435 | ) | ||||||||||
Distributions from unconsolidated joint ventures and management companies | 44,864 | 74,107 | 34,152 | 35,118 | 29,989 | 32,623 | |||||||||||||||
Fixed Charges | 74,084 | 135,271 | 117,996 | 118,912 | 123,140 | 97,513 | |||||||||||||||
Less interest capitalized | (4,911 | ) | (7,812 | ) | (5,652 | ) | (7,212 | ) | (6,670 | ) | (3,189 | ) | |||||||||
Earnings | $ | 152,760 | $ | 233,699 | $ | 209,135 | $ | 184,791 | $ | 286,554 | $ | 168,194 | |||||||||
Fixed charges: | |||||||||||||||||||||
Interest expense | 66,989 | 122,934 | 109,646 | 108,447 | 113,348 | 91,433 | |||||||||||||||
Amortization of debt issuance costs | 2,184 | 4,525 | 2,698 | 3,253 | 3,122 | 2,891 | |||||||||||||||
Interest capitalized | 4,911 | 7,812 | 5,652 | 7,212 | 6,670 | 3,189 | |||||||||||||||
Fixed Charges | 74,084 | 135,271 | 117,996 | 118,912 | 123,140 | 97,513 | |||||||||||||||
Preferred dividends |
10,391 |
20,417 |
19,688 |
18,958 |
18,138 |
11,547 |
|||||||||||||||
Combined fixed charges and preferred dividends | $ | 84,475 | $ | 155,688 | $ | 137,684 | $ | 137,870 | $ | 141,278 | $ | 109,060 | |||||||||
Ratio of earnings to fixed charges | 2.06 | 1.73 | 1.77 | 1.55 | 2.33 | 1.72 | |||||||||||||||
Ratio of earnings to fixed charges and preferred dividends |
1.81 |
1.50 |
1.52 |
1.34 |
2.03 |
1.54 |
These ratios are computed by dividing earnings by combined fixed charges and preferred dividends paid on our Series A and Series B cumulative convertible redeemable preferred stock. Earnings are defined as income from continuing operations before minority interest, unconsolidated entities, gain (loss) on sale or writedown of assets and cumulative effect of change in accounting principle, less the early extinguishment of debt (effective January 1, 2003, the adoption of SFAS No. 145 reclassifies these extraordinary items to a component of income from continuing operations). Earnings are further adjusted by adding cash distributions from unconsolidated joint ventures and the management companies instead of the equity in their income and adding fixed charges net of capitalized interest.
Fixed charges consist of interest expense, whether capitalized or expensed, and amortization of debt issuance costs.
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT ACCOUNTANTS
We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in this Registration Statement on Form S-3 of our report dated February 13, 2003 except for the fourth paragraph of Note 21, as to which the date is July 11, 2003 relating to the financial statements and financial statement schedules of The Macerich Company which appears in the Current Report on Form 8-K dated July 14, 2003. We also consent to the incorporation by reference of our report dated February 13, 2003 relating to the financial statements and financial statement schedule of Pacific Premier Retail Trust, which appears in The Macerich Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2002. We also consent to the references to us under the heading "Experts" in such registration statement.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Los
Angeles, California
October 14, 2003
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT AUDITORS
The
Partners
SDG Macerich Properties, L.P.
and
The Board of Directors
The Macerich Company
We consent to the incorporation by reference in the registration statement on Form S-3, dated October 15, 2003, of The Macerich Company of our report dated February 5, 2003 relating to the balance sheets of SDG Macerich Properties, L.P. as of December 31, 2002 and 2001 and the related statements of operations, cash flows, and partners' equity for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2002 and the related financial statement schedule, which report appears in the December 31, 2002 Annual Report on Form 10-K of The Macerich Company. Our report refers to a change in the method of accounting for overage rents in 2000. We also consent to the reference to our firm under the heading "Experts" in the registration statement.
/s/ KPMG LLP
Indianapolis,
Indiana
October 15, 2003
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT AUDITORS
We consent to the reference to our firm under the caption "Experts" in the Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333- ) of The Macerich Company and to the incorporation by reference in the registration statement of our report dated February 22, 2002, with respect to the consolidated financial statements of Westcor Realty Limited Partnership included in The Macerich Company's Current Report on Form 8-K/A dated October 2, 2002, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
Phoenix,
Arizona
October 14, 2003